Flora and fauna. Forest resources of the Altai Territory Natural Communities of the Altai Territory

If you look at the map of the forests of Russia, then the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe Altai Territory is extremely small - only 3.36 million hectares. Forests are located four separate areas. First of all, it is unique in nature - ribbon barswho have no analogues in the world. Their area is 1.1 million hectares. Priobii borsis occupy an area of \u200b\u200b0.84 million hectares, the forests of the Salair grocery, the so-called "black taiga" - 0.58 million hectares and mixed forests The foothill zone of Altai - 0.83 million hectares. The average forest activity of the territory of the Altai Territory is 21%. All forest forests are unique in their own way, they perform important environmental and security features, their role in natural complex Not only Siberia, but Russia is very important. Forestry is historically intensively intensively intensively and, first of all, the cutting of forests.

With apparent, at first glance, uniformity, these are completely different forests, differing, primarily by the conditions of growth and origin. It was these circumstances that put their imprints on the rock formation, the stability and productivity of plantings growing in them, and, accordingly, on an individual approach in maintaining forestry, for each of these forestry areas. Without a doubt, leading forestry is necessary on a scientific basis to competent and professionally trained specialists of various activities.

The tape bors of the Altai Territory stretches in the Ob-Irtysk interference with parallel stripes from the northeast to the southwest and occupy an area of \u200b\u200b1.1 million hectares.

The northern tape is Alleu, has a length of 110 kilometers, and 25 pass on Novosibirsk region. The width of the tape is 5 - 7 kilometers, and the Burl river flows into it, in the floodplain, there are pensions and sections of the deciduous forest.

The south of Aleeua tape for 120 kilometers stretched to Kulundin, with a maximum width of 8 kilometers. For the most part, the ribbon flows the Kulunda river. In the ribbon, many forest lakes. 30 kilometers from the Kulundy Forest Strip flows the Casmolinskaya long 200 kilometers and parallel to it 10 kilometers the largest tape - Barnaul - 220 kilometers long. The width of these tapes from 5 to 10 kilometers. In the Volcihi region, Kasmalinskaya and Barnaul ribbons are connected, forming a pine array of 45 kilometers width. From the eastern part of this massif, pine forests with one tape wide up to 25 kilometers go to Kazakhstan, and the southwestern part of Volchikhinsky Bora goes to Mikhailovsky, and also north - in keywords. The continuation of the Altai ribbon baguities are borsa of Kazakhstan, which consist of separate arrays of various sizes and forms.

In the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan, there is a 40 kilometer long-range belt and a width of about 5. Previously, it was longer than 80 kilometers and stretched to Rubtsovsk. There are three small pine colts in the Baevo area between Aleusska and Kulundy ribbons and there are a large number of birch rings around them. It is assumed that here in the tributaries of the kuludy river previously there was another small tape with a length of 70-100 kilometers.

Ribbon bors are unique natural phenomenon On earth, and their origin is connected with the last, third glaciation. With the general warming of climate and the beginning of the melting of huge masses of ice began the retreat of the glacier to the north. Loaded by the Glacier of the Water rushed along the left tributaries to reverse, towards Irtysh. They carried with them the mass of sand, which was postponed in the river rivers. As the glacier retreats, the aqueous streams moved to the north. At the beginning of the water flowed on the current river Barnaulke, later - along Kasmale, and even later in Kuluda and Burl. In the places of these water flows, powerful sand deposits were formed, on which pine bors began to grow in the form of individual tapes.

The extensive area of \u200b\u200bbelt borov is different continental climat and shortcomings of precipitation. If there are 250 milliliters of precipitation in the poplar area in the state of the poplar, including in the warm period of the year not more than 200, then with the promotion of the northeast, the amount of precipitation increases, and in the barnaul area there are already 450 millimeters, the climate becomes more wet, and the forestful conditions are significantly better. In the summer, however, the Sukhoves are frequent.

Very few tree and shrub breeds are capable of growing in such extreme climatic conditions - this is, first of all, pines, Iva Shelyuga, Rakinetnik, Acacia (on lowlines), at the water - birch. In the ribbon boroughs, the unique ecological properties of pine trees are manifested. Growing on bulk sands, pine plantations do not allow them to move under the action of wind, they hold the sand that hesitated into hot summer days Sometimes up to 70 degrees. That is why forests for bookmarking new arrays make a bet on pine. Every year, they show special concern about seeds.

So, pine is the dominant woody tree in ribbon bara, it employs 82 percent of the area, but participation in the composition of plantings in various parts of the ribbons is different. Thus, in the Barnaul area, there are 68 percent of pines in the composition of the plantings, and Volchihi - 85, and in the extreme south of the region - at the poplar - almost 97 percent. At the same time, participation in hardwood is reduced from 30 to three and, mainly birch.

And the productivity of pinewalks differ very strongly, and the integral indicator of forest productivity is the Bonitte class. Under conditions, the place of growing pineage reaches I and even the IA of the Bonitte class, and in the worst - v class. So, on average, the Bonitet class of Bonitet is equal to II, 6, at the same time, in Barnaul Leschoz, it is equal to I, 8, in Novichikhinsky - II, I, in Lebedzhensky - II, 3, and in the south, in Topolinsky Leschoz - III, 1 class of Bonitet. In a word, with the progress of south and with a deterioration of the forestry productivity of pineails, it remains higher, in comparison with the plants of birch and the aspen in the same conditions.

Pine ribbon bara fruits almost daily, and her self-sifted it often appears in large quantities. but climatic conditions the growing season is so unsatisfactory that summer months Pine sewn almost completely die. Better they persist in the cones of the shade of adult trees. Under the canopy of birch and aspen, the pine samos develops better than under the pine. Near the tape borot, air and soil moisture increases in comparison with the steppe by 20-25 percent, and the amount of precipitation over the summer rises by 30-50 millimeters.

The preservation of tape bors and the restoration of individual tapes that have a huge soil-protecting, agronomic and climatorshiping value, this unique monument of nature, is a matter of state importance. Meanwhile, there is a reason for concern. As a result of forest fires and unlimited logging, especially for the needs of the mining industry, belt bors turned out to be extremely upset. Forest-covered area was only 63 percent, and Gary and waste occupied 21 percent of the area, the share of ripe and reincarnations accounted for only 8% of the area. Such a state of tape borov was 45 years ago, and at the present time the area covered with a forest is 78 percent, Gary and waste sends occupy two percent, and ripe and overripes are 21 percent area. These indicators suggest that the tier position with respect to tape bars, both in matters of saving them from fires and in the restoration of forests on the numerous areas of Gare.

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Environmental knowledge is an important part of modern education, without which humanity does not solve the problems of preserving life on Earth. Taking into account the fact that in the curricens there are clocks rejected on the study of natural-geographic course items, I consider it appropriate to study the issues of environmental and geographical education not only in the lessons, but also in extracurricular activities and in elective courses. (Attachment 1)

Elective courses differ from the urbin system by the fact that they are focused on the interests of students, are gaming in nature and create conditions for the formation of a professional sample in the field of ecology and environmental protection. Classes involve the use of personal-oriented learning aimed at the development of children's communication, personality self-realization, as it allows to explore the problems associated with the nature of the nature of their locality. (Presentation. Slides 2,3,4,5)

Preparatory work.Students are divided into 6 working groups, each of which receives a task to conduct a study according to one of the directions and submit a report in the form of a public presentation at the final lesson. To assess the quality of the work done, a commission is formed from high school students and teachers of biology and geography. As a result, the creators of the most interesting works are given diplomas of the first, second, third degree and they receive the right to speak at the School Competition "Step to Science".

Equipment.Multimedia installation. Multimedia accompaniment in the form of slideshows and multimedia presentations. (Presentation. Slides 6.7)

Leading.Forest ... In this short and very tank, the word is a lot. If life on the planet Earth appeared in water, then the reasonable branch, that is, the life of a person from the very beginning to today's days is closely connected with the forest. The forest was a cradle of mankind in the initial period of its development. He gave primitive man to protect against animals and bad weather, material for the manufacture of housing, fuel, necessary food - everything that helped him survive in an unfavorable environment.

Leading. If you carefully study the Altai reference books, then it seems that we live in a paradise forest place. One villages called Forest can be counted eight, and another forest glade. The fact that the settlement is located next to the forest, say the names of Zalevovo, Borovoy, Borovy, Borovskoye, Borok, Bor-outpost, and also a selection of seats. Second place in the frequency of use occupy sosnovy - they are in the edge of six. There is a pine log, pine forest, shedding. Beautiful names. Surprisingly, but unrealized names settlements There is no edge in the Altai Territory. If you do not count the hemp in the Ribrichinsky district. In our Romanovsky district, despite the mainly steppe location, there are also forest names - Dubrovino, a green Dubrava, named after the rings growing here. But the conversation today will go about the real miracle of nature in the world of forests - pine belt bodies of the Altai Territory. One of the tapes, Kasmalin, passes through the Romanov district.

Leading. Pine belt bors - unique natural objectswhich can be found only in Altai. Moreover, say that they are unique, it means nothing to say. There are simply no other such. What is these tape bors and where are they located? This is a question with the address of the geographer group.

Protection of the project "Green ribbons in the wreath of nature of the Altai Territory"

(Presentation. Slide 8.9)

purpose - through cartographic sources to determine the geographical place of growing pine belt forests of the Altai Territory.

A task - Analyze the placement of pine tape forests, to create card duration of their growth, allocate factors affecting their placement.

Brief Abstracts Speeches

Ribbon bors - pine herbal and herbian-shrub forests, stretching strips (5-40 km) along the rivers on sandcarly alleavial sediments. Completed in the south of Western Siberia in the Altai Territory. These amazing lanes are four: Barnaul, Kasmalinskaya, Kulundinskaya and Bulinskaya. (See Fig.1) The name of the ribbon baguities is consonant with the names of small rivers flowing through them: Barnavels, Kasmala, Burli, Kuludy. The ribbon of Barnaul pine boron is the longest, stretching out 550 km from the river Ove in the vicinity of Barnaul to the Irtysh River in the vicinity of Semipalatinsk. Bor's width at a considerable distance, and in particular, in the vicinity of Barnaul, is 8-10 km. If you drive along the Barnaul ribbon from the north to south, you can observe how the height of trees decreases, the forest becomes more rarefied, the crown descends on the trunk close to the ground. This is due to the increase in heat from the north to the south and a decrease in the amount of precipitation. Crossing any ribbon across, we will also see that the extreme to the steppe trees are always lower than those growing in the depths of Bohr. Trees on the edge of the forest is in more severe conditions. They are forced to accept blows of the wind and protect the trees standing behind them. In the southwest, near the village of Novoyegoryevskoye, Bora's ribbon is growing with the neighboring ribbon of Kasmalinsky Bohr. The Srostkin Sosnor Bor formed in this way has a width of about 40-50 km. Kuchuk-Kulundsky Bor stretched 110 km from the village of Verkhi Kuchuk to the center of Zavyalovo. The Proseclaus-Kulundsky Bor is located between villages keys and Baevo. Bulinsky Bor, the northernmost, begins at the Novosibirsk reservoir at 35 km north of the city of Stona-on-Ob and passes through the territory of Kratykhinsky, Pancrushinsky districts, its length is 100 km, width 6-7 km.

Memo 1.(Appendix 2)

Leading. Preserved an old giving. The God of the Wind, flying over the Altai lands, saw a beautiful girl with beautiful name Aigul. He decided to move it into his transcendental castle and there, asked the gifts with divisions, persuade to marry him. But the girl knew that she was not easy to love this, the wind had changed his character all the time, changed his mood, was a "windy" and flew all the time. The girl heard the wind began to sneak into her quietly, bringing the smell of stock colors, frightened the fate to be torn off from her native places and ran along the steppe to the house. But the wind turned into a hurricane, caught up with a beautiful beggles, and picked up her, took it into his subway. Ribbons are green, which Aigul Spit tried, believes the elegant, and rushed to the ground. Where they fell, forests grew up to the brothers way to point out where to look for sister. Aigul cried, and where her tears fell, small salted lakes appeared. Only here, they found her brothers or not, unknown. This is such a beautiful history of the formation of tape bors and lakes, but it is only oral folk creativity. And how did our forests really formed, young researchers will tell us.

Protection of Project No. 2. "Ribbon bars - hello from glacial period”

(Presentation. Slides 10,11)

purpose - reveal the causes of the origin of tape forests in the Altai Territory.

A task. Having studied and analyzing various sources of information, to prove that the ribbon forests were formed into a quaternary geological period of nature development.

Brief Abstracts Speeches

The opinion of scientists about the origin of tape forests will be varied in detail, but similar in one thing that they are obliged to be an ancient glaciation.

1. Scientists lead the occurrence of tape boring from a quaternary period. About a million years ago, the grinding came on the ground. The snow falling in winter did not have time to calm down completely, accumulated, forming powerful glaciers. When the overall warming has come, the melting waters from Altai's previations are rushed through the ancient row of Obi to the north, but the rapidly retreating glaciers were forced to look for a way out. Washing and deepening the largest left tributaries, gigantic flows flowed towards Irtysh. After the continental ice came out, and the water rolled into the Polar Sea, freeing the Western Siberian lowland, the modern ei obi was finally formed. According to the finished paths of the ancient dell, modern rivers flowed: Burl, Barnaulka, Kasmala, Kulunda and others, and on the remaining strata of sand brought to the ardor the ancient rivers, the beautiful pine forests, unique belt bors ripen.

2. According to one of the versions, it turns out that the belt bors remained after the ice age, when the territory between Ory and Irtysh was between two huge glaciers - the northern, which was located on the passage of Ob to the imposition of Irtysh, and Altai. As a result, boards grow on the hollows, and steppe vegetation dominates the spaces between them. Thanks to the ability of forests to accumulate moisture, ribbon bors are a natural oasis to ensure life.

3. On the other of the versions, the origin of tape pine bors has interesting storywhich is connected with the period when in the south of West Siberian lowland was a large sea, the flow of water from it was held in deep offshores towards the Aral basin. The flowing water carried sand and, when the climate was warm, and Ob again flowed into the sea of \u200b\u200bnorthern Arctic OceanThe pine should grow on the sand filled with sand hollows. Thus formed four ribbons of pine horses, which stretch parallel to each other from Barnaul in the south-west direction towards Irtysh and Kulundin lowland.

Scene "Wind and Seed"

Leading. I will tell you the story that began with a seed. Yes Yes! With ordinary pine seed! Have you ever sees such a seed? It is small, with one transparent golden wing. They ripen a lot in mom-shishke. And cones - also grows a lot every year on mom-pine! When seeds ripen, Mama-bump operates scales - and seeds scatter around to be born and grow new pines. So, one day a breeze blew - and our little seed flew, catching the air flow with his little wing.

Leading. Of course, you understood that further our conversation would be passing under the sign of the main character of our forests - the pine. Ordinary. Meet - Pinus Sylvestris!

Protection of Project No. 3. "Pine ordinary and the most unique"

(Presentation. Slides 11,12)

purpose. Prove, pine ordinary is one of the most valuable trees altai Region.

Tasks. Describe the biological features of the pine ordinary. Evaluate its environmental role in biocenosis of ribbon forests. Describe the economic value of pine.

Brief Abstracts Speeches

Pine ordinary (lat. Pinus Sylvestris) - plant, widespread view of the genus Pine Pine Family. In natural conditions, grows in Europe and Asia. The tree reaches a height of 35-40 meters in the best conditions (sometimes up to 45) and more than a meter in diameter. Crown is a crooked with a rounded or flat vertex, highly raised. Branch of mutual. One meadow is formed annually. Pine grows on bulk sands and swamps, fertile soils and with permafrost, in the mountains rises to 1700-1800 meters above sea level. It has high adaptability. Grows quickly. Especially significant increase in height of up to 40 years. Pine has a plastic root system that may vary depending on the soil conditions. Life expectancy up to 350-600 years. Pine blooms in spring. Men's and female flowers are located on the same tree. The whole process of development of the seed lasts a year and a half. Seeds are small, have a ward, with its help we are spread by the wind from two kilometers from the tree. The bark of young trees gray, then becomes brownish-red with long longitudinal cracks at the bottom. Steam's needles, lives for 2-3 years (sometimes up to eight years)

The ordinary pine does not have any job: flames in the furnaces, steps around the country with telegraph poles, lies with splas under hundreds of thousands of milling highways, it is millions of supports in coal and ore mines. Thanks to the pine treasures are born: first cellulose, and from it - artificial silk, plastic masses, artificial leather, cellophane, and different paper. Chemistry draws from the "ordinary tree" some sources of "magic" fragrant resin (or terrentin). It is difficult, perhaps, it is even impossible, to find a useless particle of a pine body. In the crust there are tannins, in Cambia - Vanillin, from seeds are obtained by valuable immersion oil, and the pollen is used as a substitute for the liquor. By the way, the balm, which the ancient Egyptians impregnated mummies, preserved to our days and experienced millennia, also includes a pine resin. And who does not know the wonderful mineral amber. Amber is also pine resin, only millions of years have lain in the ground. Even the air of a pine boron is a value: no wonder the sanatoriums and holiday homes are built here. The honorable place is occupied by "pine medicines" - coniferous extracts for baths, dried pine buds, turpentine and others ... Pine cones are the best fuel for famous Russian samovarov, they are beautifully lit and hold the heat for a long time.

Pine is not only a person. Almost throughout the year, the pine cheese feeds the throat. For moose the best winter food - young pine shoots and their bark. Squirrels, chips, chicheri birds are tagged with pine seeds, which they with amazing skill get out of the cones. Dyatlah and Klezti are large hunters to pine seeds. Incredibly, but also fish are pine connoisseurs: Falls are willing to go to a pine diet with a lot of benefit. They eat pollen, which in the spring, during flowering, thin film covers an extensive surface of the reservoirs (each pollen grains in pine has two air bag, which gives him the opportunity to swim and flew over hundreds of kilometers). Pollen are so many that sometimes small yellow tuchs falling out of it, falling out by "sulfur" rains.

Our list of "pine blessings" so rummaged that it is unlikely that it is necessary to talk in detail about the pine roots, fixing the bulk sands and protective rivers and the lakes from the catching, that the thick bark of the pine tree - salvation from runaway fires, about evergreen, outfit city gardens and parks, and about much more ..

Leading. And now let's take a little journey into the past. Ninth century. Yaroslav Wise punishes negligent subjects for arson and rod of forest. Ivan Grozny limits the rod of the forest by security certificates. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich charges behind the rod in someone else's forest and fire learning. The turning point in the regulation of forestry occurs with the adoption of the first national forest laws and the strict instructions of Peter the first. With his decree, he put the limit of free logging of forests, declared the Oak protected rocks and a pine tree, and "deprivation of the belly" (death penalty) appointed a "deprivation of belly" (death penalty), subsequently replaced with the reference and cautious knob. Finally, on May 26, 1798, the Decree of Paul of the First On Creating the Central Forest Management Authority - the Forest Department was issued in the history of Russia. What laws exist in our time protecting our forests?

Protection of Project No. 4. "Forests under protection"

(Presentation. Slides 14,15)

purpose. To allocate laws in environmental law guarding the rights of our forest.

A task. Consider the most common and generating damage to forests Environmental crimes

Brief Abstracts Speeches

Environmental law in the Russian Federation represents a combination of legal norms regulating relations in the field of rational use natural resources and environmental protection, taking into account the interests of the present and future generation of people. Environmental law as an independent industry began to be considered in Russia only since the beginning of the 90s. of our century.

Environmental crimes against forests are crimes that are publicly dangerous acts encroaching on the environmental law and order established in Russia, the environmental safety of society, which cause harm to natural forest environment and human health. (Appendix 4)

Leading. And now the question: "What is the name of the territory, which will now be speaking?"

In this area, it is prohibited temporarily or constantly, or any kind of economic activities that prevent the preservation, restoration and reproduction of natural complexes and their components are prohibited: landspening; cuttings, billets, sealing, pasta cattle, harvesting and harvesting mushrooms, berries, nuts, fruits , seeds, medicinal and other plants, other uses of the floral world; Fisheries, sports and amateur hunting, fishing, animal mining, not related to objects of hunting and fisheries, other uses of the animal world; provision of land plots for development, as well as for collective gardening and gardening; conducting hydro-elevation and irrigation work, exploration and development of minerals; construction of buildings and structures, roads and pipelines, power lines and other communications; the use of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, chemical plants protection and growth stimulants; imploding works; Travel and parking of automobile transport, vessels and other floating vehicles, a device of privalov, bivouaks, tourist sites and camps, other forms of rest of the population.

Leading. Of course, you know that these are reserves. The next question is: "Which of the listed reserves is located in the territory of two neighboring areas, including Romanovsky? Be careful and do not miss: Volchikhinsky, Kulundinsky, Yegoryvsky, Pankrushinsky, Kasmalinsky, Mamontovsky.

Leading. That's right, Mammoth. For what purpose he created us will tell us the following group of our participants.

Protection of Project No. 5. "Save the ribbon forests - and will not disappear as mammoths!"

(Presentation. Slides 16,17)

purpose. Determination of the role of the Mammoth reserve in the preservation of the biological diversity of the nature of Kasmalin tape boron.

A task. Get acquainted with the variety of animal world of the Mammoth reserve.

To give brief description Organisms that are under the protection of the Mammoth reserve.

Brief Abstracts Speeches

Unique natural climatic conditions, made our districts among the richest in the edge of a variety and species composition natural resources. There are more than 30 types of wood-shrub vegetation and 50 types of herbal. The animal world is diverse. And the abundance of water, herbal vegetation creates favorable conditions for the nesting of waterfowl over 90 species. There are a variety of animals here - elk and the Siberian roe, which are quite common here. In places, adhering to shrubs, an Asian chipmunk lives, and in open places - hare-rusak. In forest plantings - Kuni: badger, columns, ermine, caress and steppe ferret. An American mink comes on the shores of the reservoirs. Normally for these places, and maybe numerous ondatra. An ordinary fox, a wolf and lynx, and a few ordinary beequers are common along the river.

In 1963, the state reserve (Mamontovsky) of 8 thousand hectares was created in the district, in Kasmalinsky Bor, to preserve the ribbon boron ecosystems with the lake system. The locations of the natural habitat of the moose, roaming, proteins, hare, foxes, column, swan, river and ducks and other animals are guarded, to maintain the ecological balance of the region, for the reproduction of animals and forest plants and the forest lake system.

Under the estate defined natural and economic territory, including forest and meadow landscapes, wetlands. This territory is experiencing a significant anthropogenic press. Forest area is covered with a thick network of roads, the shores of the lakes in summer time We experience significant recreational burden, and steppe communities are used for grazing. Therefore, on the threshold of the disappearance there are plants listed in the Red Book of the Altai Territory: Cherley Pennata (Stipa Pennata), Sandy (Helichrysum Arenarium), Narodka Uralsis (Glyzirrhiza Uralensis).

Leading. In some regions of Russia, there was a custom to dress up before the wedding at the student pine. When the bride's girlfriends sang ritual songs, on the middle of the table lay the loaf of a row, stuck a small pine on her and, like a bride, decorated with colored ribbons and field flowers. In wedding songs, they compared the bride with a young neighbor:

Soster, sucking young,
What are you, a neighbor is not green,
Mode, Mode, young,
What, you are not fun with a mood.

And why should she really be fun and green if her native from the ground, along with the roots, was pulled out. But our designers - holidays masters know how, without damaging trees to create a festive mood.

Protection of Project No. 6. "Pine Bishie"

(Presentation. Slides 18,19,20)

purpose. Demonstrate the aesthetic possibilities of a pine cone.

Tasks. Hold a master class for making crafts from pine cones.

Summary Speech

The idea of \u200b\u200bdoing something from pine cones was born for a long time. In the summer, when we walked in a pine forest began to collect cones: there is a bump, there is a bump, so and the whole package has grown. It was fun, everyone was running and shouted: "But this is better, and it's even better." I wanted all the cones to carry home, and then make something very beautiful from them, like our forests. Today we will teach you from pine cones to make a beautiful wreath that will decorate your home.

1. Cut a large wreath of cardboard. Pick the size and width of the workpiece to the size of the pine cones used.

2. Start 4 largest cones on the cardboard blank.

3. Place the rest of the cones on the wreath and stick them.

4. Tie a bright ribbon bow and decorate them the top of the wreath

5. And if you manifest patience and fantasy, then create a whole collection of products made of pine cones and give them to your friends. How I do it.

Award and summarize. In conclusion, the guys are invited to see the photo album created by the student. Then leading summarize, give diplomas to the creators of projects. Guests of the event receive a memo (Appendix 2) and souvenirs from pine cones.

Literature.

1. Vinokurova N.F. and others. Program of the Optional Course "Forest and Man" // Geography at School. 1998.-№5. - S.54-58.

2. Grebankina L.F. and others. The world of the protected area // Geography at school. 2001.-№6. - p.41-49.

3. Tape bors and salted lakes: tourist. Rh Alt. Edges / Sost. A. N. Romanov, S. V. Kharlamov. - Barnaul: Polyprint, 2004. - 184 p.

4. Mironova L. Trees of Siberia. Pine ordinary // Newspaper Nature Altai. 2009.- №5-6. -C.38-39.

5. Muravlev A. Unknown Altai. Fate trees // Newspaper Nature Altai. 2007.- №1-2. -S.22-23.

6. Paramonov E.G. Stories about trees and shrubs. - Barnaul: Alt. kn. Publishing House, 1982.- C.20 - 29.

7. Podkaytova LD, Gorsky O.V. Geography of the Altai Territory. Methodical complex: - Barnaul, 2008.- S.88-90.

8. http://mamontovo22.ru/zdrav.html - the official website of the Mammoth region.

06.12.2015 17:25

Altai - amazing the unique place. Fauna, similar to the local, is no longer found anywhere on our planet. But at the same time, plants growing in the European part of Russia can be found in Altai and even in the territory of the former USSR, including in Kazakhstan. Such an incredible diversity is explained by the characteristics of climate, terrain and geological development of the region.

Altai is the edge of the forests. Rarely where in the world there are unique belt bors - tree formations, stretching by a strip along rivers over ancient mineral sediments. Such forest ribbons form a unique microclimate in their surroundings and are natural defects of the soil from weathered.

Altai ribbon bars

Pine belt bors take their beginning from ancient times when the sea splashed over the Western European plain. The internal flows of this sea, stitching to the Aral Basin, applied sand in certain directions. On these ancient alluvial sediments and began to grow pines, which have made beautiful belly boursters today.

The longest of all Altai strip forests is Barnaul Pine Bor, stretching by more than 500 kilometers from Obda to Irtysh. It is not so large with a width - about ten kilometers. However, in some places, ribbon bors merge with each other, and then their width becomes comparable with a length - about 50-100 kilometers.

A sad page of history was the 18th century for ribbon poros. In Altai, the silver industry developed a rapid pace, which requires a huge amount of coal fuel for their needs. Beautiful cedars, pines and fir ruthlessly burned down the root. On compliance with any elementary rules of forestry, speech did not even go.

Later, serious damage with ribbon bara caused terrible fires. Many hectares of forests were destroyed. And only by the beginning of the 50s of the last century it was decided to restore the tape bors of Kazakhstan and Altai on summit. After that, the forests became little to recover, and by 2013 their area exceeded 700 thousand hectares.

Types of Altai Trees

The climate and geology of the area significantly change the types of forests in different areas of Altai. Experts allocate three types of forest plantations: ribbon bars, priobysh forests and salair ridge.

The foothills of Altai is a real storehouse of valuable wood. Here in abundance, forests formed by cedars and fir, many birch groves grow. The most common in these areas of Altai Pine, forming an black taiga. In such forests, fruit-berry shrubs are often found, such as currants, raspberries, blackberries and rowan. Altai forests are not only "light" of our country, but also a storehouse of healing plants.

One of the most common wood species in Altai is larch. Her wood is very easy and durable. In addition, larch does not lose his unique properties Even after the prolonged exposure of moisture, which only increases the value of the tree.

That is why larch is the most popular building material in Altai. From this tree make residential buildings, telegraph poles, railway sleepers; Bridge supports, berths and dams are erected. All these facilities will serve their owners. for a long timeSince larch wood is characterized by increased wear-resistance.

In addition, larch forests - perfect place For walking. With his own species, they resemble parks - the same bright and spacious. Walking in such a forest is a pleasure!

Another remarkable tree of Altai forests is the famous cedar. Altai Cedar Pine mainly grows at the foot of the mountains, forming powerful bors with a thick crown of dark green. But single representatives of the species are found in larch and fir forests.

Cedar wood has a special value for local handicrafts. The masters are made of her handmade crafts, decorations and charms, so appreciated by travelers and tourists. No less popular cabin furniture. This material is characterized by beauty, ease and durability.

Deciduous species of trees in Altai are represented by species like aspen, poplar and birch. They are mainly growing in the lowlands and valleys of the region. Such forests are rich in shrub. Often there are blackberries, raspberries, currants.

Altai cedar

The king of trees in Altai is considered to be cedar. For a long time, our ancestors understood everything beneficial features of this tree.

Cedars allocate a fragrant resin that scares the wood pests. Therefore, the scenes often did furniture: chests, shops, cabinets. In cedar furniture, moth larvae die. Scientists have proven that substances allocated wood cedar destroy the pathogenic microbes. That is why in the house with furniture from the Altai cedar, the tenants will hurt much less often.

Cedar wood is the perfect building material. In terms of strength, it is not inferior to structures of steel, and in many other properties in many respects exceeds the latter. For example, cedar has excellent thermal insulation, as well as resistant to large temperature differences and prolonged moisture. Unlike metals, wood does not give in to corrosion destruction. It can be said that cedar wood is an excellent building material presented to us by nature itself. The main thing is correct and rational to use this gift and do not cut out the amazing Altai forests under root and unsystematic.

Another amazing property Cedar - Ease of wood processing. The tree can be chopped, strict and grinding even manually, not to mention the electric tools. At the same time, the cedar does not lose its strength, and its surface acquires a glossy shine. Such building qualities associated with the beauty of wood rightly make cedar royal trees.

Scientists discovered the secret of these striking qualities. When considering a drink of wood under the microscope, it turned out that cedar wood was formed by a huge number of smallest tubes filled with air. The capillary structure of the wood provides it with more than ten times the best thermal insulation properties than the stone or concrete. Moreover, it is precisely such a structure that determines the stability of the cedar to excess dryness or overcoat. Cedar wood does not crack and does not succumb to harmful insects. Thermal processing in special furnaces prepares cedar to further use as an excellent building material.

Cedar wood is rich in natural phytoncides, which have a pleasant property to disinfect and heal air. Cedar forests are a real natural hospital. After drying trees in the furnaces, many useful properties are lost, but also what remains, has a powerful healing effect.

Altai cedar in construction

Houses and furniture made from cedar or trimmed cedar wood are appreciated not only for a beautiful aesthetic appearance. The light fragrance highlighted by the tree soothes and relieves stress, facilitates headache and migraine. And the air indoors, as scientists noted, becomes almost sterile. Pause microbes are quickly dying from substances secreted by cedar wood. The probability of a disease of the air-droplet in the house from the cedar is reduced to almost zero. It is noted that the tenants of such houses are less likely and live longer.

And live in the house from Kedra is a pleasure. It will always be warm due to the wonderful insulating artworks of the tree, as well as very cozy. Cedar - Surprising beautiful treeIn addition, the correct processing only emphasizes the natural charm of the material. The strength of cedar wood will allow living in such a house not one generation of the family. Who will not want to have such a family nest, where "and the walls help"?

Cedar wood and in the construction of baths and saunas are equally popular. Cedars are not so smallest as the trees of pine or ate. Therefore, cedar baths, saunas, steam and phytoboles have become quite widespread.

In Altai, you can often find hives made of cedar wood. It is noted that the bees are better settled by such "housing" and give more honey.

The disinfecting properties of cedar wood allow you to successfully use it for the manufacture of dishes. Especially good to store milk in cedar products - it does not blame it longer and remains fresh.

In addition to the listed, cedar has stunning resonant properties. This allows the use of a tree as a material for the manufacture of musical instruments - guitars, violins, cello and many others.

Preservation of forests

In contrast to many other natural resources, forests are reproducible. The constant use and deforestation of forests involve measures to preserve and reproduce the volume. This measurements can be found:

• Use of modern technologies and technology;
• Preventing the deforestation of rare and valuable breeds trees;
• State and environmental control;
• Ensuring constant reproducibility of forests;
• Mass agitation and educational activities in favor of preserving forests.

Rational and careful attitude to natural wealth Allows you to use forests for your own needs and keep the "light of our planet" without prejudice to all the inhabitants of the Earth.

Plant World of Altai (Flora)

Flora of the Altai Territory is rich and diverse. The geological history of the development of the territory, and climate, and a kind of relief have affected the vegetation. In Altai, there are almost all types of vegetation of North and Central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, the European part of Russia.

Forests cover most of the Altai Territory. Here, the only ribbon porous bors in the whole area are growing - unique natural formation like which is not anywhere on our planet.

Origin E. ribbon pine borovhas an interesting story that is connected with the period when in the south of West Siberian lowland was largethe sea, the flow of water from it took place in deep offshores towards the Aral basin. The flowing water carried sand and, when the climate sweat

Thus formed five ribbons of pine bors, which stretch parallel to each other from Barnaul in the south-west direction towards Irtysh and Kulundin lowland.pleel, and Ob again flowed into the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean, on the sand filled with sand, pine began to grow.

The woody vegetation world of the mountain portion of Altai is richer than on the plain. Here are growing cedar-fir forests with birch impurities and in large quantities - pine. This is the so-called Hull Taiga, which is not found in other forest areas of the country. There are many shrubs - raspberries, rowabins, viburnums, currants, cherrys in the Cherry Taiga.

Very common tree - larch in Altai. The wood is solid and durable, perfectly retaining its qualities in the ground, and in water. The larch is the most valuable building material: they build houses that can stand for centuries, make dams, build bridges, moorings, are used for the manufacture of railway sleepers and telegraph pillars.

Forests from larch - bright and clean and resemble natural parks in which every tree grows apart. Sustained underols in deciduous forests is distinguished by a thick, and the surface of the Earth in such a forest is covered with a solid herbal carpet.

Siberian cedar pine, Cedar is the famous tree breed of Altai forests. This is a mighty tree with a dark green crown, with a barbed long cheese. Forms frequent, solid cedaras on the slopes of the mountains or occur as an admixture of deciduous and fir forests.

The cedar wood is highly appreciated - light, durable and beautiful, it is widely used in folk fishers for the manufacture of various products. Furniture contained from the cedar board, make a pencil plank. Cedar nuts, from which they produce valuable oil, which is used in medicine and in the manufacture of high-precision optical devices are enjoyed. Cedar Liviza is a raw material for Balzam.

In the forests of the Altai Territory from hardwood, most often foundbirch, aspen and poplar. In the flat portion of Altai, there are everywhere both birch and mixed slices - small groves from trees of these breeds with abundant shrub.

Shrubs in the region grows several dozen species, many of which give an edible berry - raspberries, blackberry, currant, honeysuckle, blueberry, lingonberry. Beautiful in early spring The slopes of the mountains covered with a blooming bright raspberry-purple color evergreen lattice (Bagizn Siberian, Rhododendron Dauri).

Often there are Zaroshijuniper, Phackle, Toll. Slean the edge of abundant thickets of useful shrub -sea buckthorn giving berries from which is manufactured valuable medicine - sea buckthorn oil.

On the taiga meadows with mountain varnish bees, exclusively fragrant honey is harvested, the fame of which is known far beyond our country.

In the spring and early summer of the plain and the slopes of the Altai Mountains are a beautiful carpet of colorful colors: bright orange lights, dark blue and pink tulips, blue bells, carnations, chamomile, white and yellow buttercups.

From medicinal plants in the territory of the Altai Territory, Marali and Golden Root (Rhodiola Pink), Badan and Valerian, Dandelion and Maryan Root, Adonis Spring, Lodka, and others. Over ten types of relict plants are growing in Altai. Among them are European, Brunker's hoop, fragrant, cigance.

High on the slopes of Altai Mountains meetedelweiss.

Animal World of Altai (fauna)

The manifold of the animal world, the Altai Krai is owned by the presence of steppes, forests and high-rise belts. There are inhabitants of the Western Big Taiga: Elk, brown bear, Wolverine; Representatives of forests Western Siberia.: Kabagra, Maral, Ceremonary, Stone Partridge; Animals Mongolian Steppes: Tushkanchik, Surk-Tarbagan. About 90 species of mammals, more than 250 species of birds live in Altai. Some of them (cat grouse, choring gleeing, crane crane and d.) Located in the Red Book.

A distinctive feature of the animal world of Altai is the formation of endemic species. A typical endemic is the Altai Mole, it is widespread and occurs both on the plain and in the mountains.

In the taiga massifs everywhere there are a brown bear and elk. The Bear is an omnivorous predator that feeds on mice, bird, fish, berries and mushrooms, during the summer, cares from the forests to the subalpine meadows, where it is attracted by the abundance of herbs and plants with delicious healing roots. And by autumn it returns back to taiga to berries and nuts.

Seasonal transitions from one zone to another make hoof animals. Elk, Koslya, Maral, Kabarga nomads from the taiga in the meadow and back. Maral - deer, whose horns in the spring contain a valuable substance Pantokrin, have been diluted for many years on maralovodic farms in mountain and forest areas of the edge. All attempts to make marals in others mountainous areas Russia has not yet given good results.

In the forests of Altai there are lynx, badger, wolverine, ermine, chipmunk, protein. The most valuable fur beaker Taiga is sable. This small predator chose for himself the most deaf bridges, arranging nests in the hollows of old trees.

Another valuable fur beast - a fox. It dwells on flat terrain. Rodents are found here everywhere: hamsters, gophers different species, Surki, in the arid areas of the steppes there are tubes. Hares - Rusak and Belyak - live in the steppe and in the forest areas of the edge. There you can find a wolf.

Almost all forest-steppe areas where there are water bodies, are the habitat of Ondatra. Divied in the twenties from North America Rрыzun, having fishing value, was successfully acclimatized in the Altai lands. And in Borovy Rivers and the reservoirs of Salair, beavers are found, the range of which is increasing every year.

Birds that are most common in the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe region - Owl, Filin, Hawk. Fishery species represent TETEREV, rippers, partridges, depth. For life in the forests, cedings and jokes, cheeks, minor singing birds are well adapted.

In the mountains, it catches the predatory large bird - Eagle-Berkut. His prey serves rodents - mice and gophers, Surki. Everywhere there is a white partridge, she lives at altitudes up to three thousand meters.

Steppe zone - habitat painting birds: Cobchiki, Pustorem, Canych Kanyuk, who are hunted on small field rodents. And on the lakes and swamps of the Altai Plains of Zhivybekas, chirks, gray cranes, ducks-mallard, gray geese, caravali, seagulls. For the time of flights in these places, swans are stopped and the northern geese.

The world of reptiles in Altai is small. Its main representatives are poisonous snake - an ordinary shield, a borious lizard, which is found throughout the Altai Territory. Near the reservoirs there is an ordinary, in the steppes and forest-steppes there is a guy steppe and ordinary. From the reptiles most largest in Altai, a patterned poloz is considered. Its dimensions - more than a meter in length.

The reservoirs of the plains and the mountain zone of Altai to paradise are rich in fish. In the foothill rivers, there are lisons and taima, smoking and lung, Chebak, Ersh, Pescar, Perch. IN main river Altai Obi dwells the sterlet, bream, pike perch, etc. Lake Plains rich in Caras, lines, pikes and perch are found in their waters.

Plant World of Altai (Flora)
Performed: Shabanova Marina Gennadievna, teacher primary classes MBOU Saracinskaya Sosh, S.Saras Altai district of Altai Territory 2014

Flora of the Altai Territory is rich and diverse. The geological history of the development of the territory, and climate, and a kind of relief have affected the vegetation. In Altai, there are almost all types of vegetation of North and Central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, the European part of Russia. Forests cover most of the Altai Territory. Here, the only ribbon porous bors in the whole area are growing - unique natural formation like which is not anywhere on our planet.

The origin of tape pine bors has an interesting story, which is associated with a period when in the south of West Siberian lowland was a large sea, the flow of water from it was held in deep offshores towards the Aral basin. The flowing water carried sand and, when the climate was warm, and Ob again flowed into the sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean, on the sand filled with sand pine trees began to grow. Thus formed five ribbons of pine bors, which stretch parallel to each other from Barnaul in the south-west direction towards Irtysh and Kulundin lowland.

The woody vegetation world of the mountain portion of Altai is richer than on the plain. Here are growing cedar-fir forests with birch impurities and in large quantities - pine. This is the so-called black taiga, which is not found in other forest areas of the country. There are many shrubs - raspberries, rowabins, viburnums, currants, cherrys in the Cherry Taiga.

Very common tree - larch in Altai. The larch wood is solid and durable, well retains its qualities in the ground, and in water. The larch is a valuable building material: they build houses that can stand for centuries, make dams, build bridges, moorings, are used for the manufacture of railway sleepers and telegraph pillars. Forests from larch - bright and clean and resemble natural parks in which every tree grows apart.

Siberian cedar pine, cedar - the famous tree breed of Altai forests. This is a mighty tree with a dark green crown, with a barbed long cheese. Forms frequent, solid cedaras on the slopes of the mountains or occur as an admixture of deciduous and fir forests.

In the forests of the Altai Territory from hardwood, birch, aspen and poplar are most common. In the flat portion of Altai, there are everywhere both birch and mixed slices - small groves from trees of these breeds with abundant shrub.

Shrubs in the region grows several dozen species, many of which give an edible berry - raspberries, blackberry, currant, honeysuckle, blueberry, lingonberry. Beautiful early spring slopes of mountains, blossoming bright raspberry-violet color evergreen lattice (Bagizn Siberian, Rhododendron Dauri).

Often there are overgrown juniper, nepchatka, Toll. Sladen, the edge of abundant thickets of the useful shrub - sea buckthorn, giving berries, from which a valuable drug is manufactured - sea buckthorn oil.

On the taiga meadows with mountain varnish bees, exclusively fragrant honey is harvested, the fame of which is known far beyond our country. In the spring and early summer of the plain and the slopes of the Altai Mountains are a beautiful carpet of colorful colors: bright orange lights, dark blue and pink tulips, blue bells, carnations, chamomile, white and yellow buttercups.