The origin of the Lena name. River Lena, what is its uniqueness and features? Lena River, where it is worth visiting! Large villages and settlements on the Lena River
Lena River is the largest in Eastern Siberia and one of the largest in Russian FederationForeignness is on the 8th place in the world, and in length - on the 10th. It passes through the territory of Yakutia and the Irkutsk region, partly its tributaries belong to Khabarovsky, Krasnoyarsk, Transbaikal region And to Buryatia, flows p. Lena in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. Popular in Russia, the female name is not connected with the name of the river, it comes from the word "Ely-Ena", which is in translation from Evenki Big River" This name was given to her landlord Pyunde (1619 - 1623), in the Russian language it strengthened as "Lena".
River Lena, Lensky district. Photo A. L. (Loading) Wiklad
One of the most extended rivers of our planet is the mighty river Lena. River feeds at the expense of rains and melting snow. The flood happens in the spring. Since Lena is located in the northern part of the territory of the Russian Federation, then due to the eternal milling, the river cannot be drunk with groundwater. Unlike other rivers of Russia, Lena is distinguished by strong ice station. In the spring, the iceshirt is especially powerful and congestion are often formed, due to which serious floods occur. In the spring water level can increase almost ten meters.
It is impossible to present the northern expanses of the country without beauty-river. Coniferous forests and dense taiga spread their expanses along the shores of Lena. It is thanks to her, and several other powerful rivers, Russia considers one of the richest states of the world. The river gives his state of diamonds, gold and fur.
Lena Lena Length
Lena river. Scheme // Photo Ru-wiki.org
Lena takes his beginning to Baikal. He sent to Yakutsk, makes a big hook and moves to the northern regions of Russia. Great Lena has a length of more than 4,000 kilometers. Proceeds by Irkutsk region, then headed through Lena, Olekmin city districts, as well as through the areas of Yakutia. Maximum depth - 22 meters.
The source of the Lena River
A small lake adjacent to Baikal is the source of the Lena River. A small reservoir that gives life a mighty river currently has no name. From Baikal Lake is ten kilometers, overlooking almost 1400 meters above sea level. In other words, Lena takes his source in a small mountain reservoir that does not possess the name that spread on the territory of the Baikal Range.
Chapel at the origin of the Lena River / / Photo www. intecepting-information.ru.
Another church was erected by the beginning of the river. Many tourists come here to see the source of Lena, and also enjoy the surrounding picturesque views. Shishkin Mountains are the most famous places in the upper reaches of the river. On the oldest cliffs to our times, drawings of primitive people who have historical meaning. Here you can see the depicted scenes of sacrifices, hunting and other fascal "writings" of the ancient peoples. It is these places that are the most extensive areas where you can get a wide view of the life of primitive settlements.
Functions of the Lena River
River Lena // Photo: ww.vtundru.com
Most of the tributaries of the river belong to the Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Trans-Baikal Territories and Buryatia. To the left tributaries include Anai, nude, Kuta, Turuk, kitchen, upper kytyma and others. And to the right tributaries - Anga, Chichapta, Kirenga, Cherepanikha, a big pass and many others. The main tributaries are Alandan, Vilyui, Vitim and Olekma. The influx of vilyui is considered the largest and long tributary of the river from its left tributaries.
River Lena's mouth
River Lena and inflows // Photo: www.mylove.ru
Having passed its way through Yakutsk, the river takes two main tributaries - Vilyui and Aldan. Now it is not a calm river, but a powerful water element with a width of up to 21 km, and the depth exceeds 20 meters. The shores of Lena in these places are very dangerous. Here are small settlements. Water avalanche moves and flows into the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. Approximately 100 km from the sea River reincarnates to a huge delta, consisting of 780 tributaries and various islands. Three main duct of the river - Olenekaya, Trofimovskaya and Bykovskaya reach the sea. By ducts, vessels walk that have an important industrial value for the whole country. The picturesque delta is striking with his flora and fauna. Here you can find rare plants and more than 120 different species birds.
Cities of Russia on the River Lena
Lena River flows // Photo PhotoCentra.ru
The shores of Lena do not serve as a house for a large number of major cities in Russia. Mostly settlements spread out in the field of Yakutsk. To date, many villages are empty or served as a place for watching settlements. But, nevertheless Pokrovsk, Siktyak, Cusyur, Cauccia and some other settlements founded their homes on the banks of the river.
Unique nature Park Lensky poles. River Lena // Photo: www.mosturflot.
In Haagalas, there are unique Lensky pillars. The picturesque natural park is in itself a lot of interesting things for each guest. On the shores spread their expanses of two historically important populated points. Sottinta and Zhigansk. The sweater is the initial base of Yakutsk. Cruises are held on the Lena River, boating and hiking are arranged on local attractions. Also Lena represents a lot of other entertainment, so many travelers prefer to relax on the shores of the powerful Lena.
River Lena in folk culture
Many historians believe that Vladimir Ulyanov called himself Lenin in honor of this powerful element. River has great value For each resident of her shores. Local residents Songs and poems in honor of the River Kormilitsy, write pictures. The beauty of river landscapes of the scenery of many world poets. Lena is immortalized and on some famous canvases of artists. The power and greatness of Lena inspires our modern creators.
The Lena River is the largest river of Northeast Siberia, flows into the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. The tenth in the world along the length of the river and the eighth in the world in full strength flows through the territory of the Irkutsk region and Yakutia, some of its tributaries are among the Zabaykalsky, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk region And to the Republic of Buryatia. Lena is the largest of Russian rivers, whose pool lies entirely within the country. Freezes in reverse opening order - from low-levels to the upper reaches. Geographical position According to the nature of the course of the river, three of its plot distinguish: from the source to the mouth of Vitima; From the mouth of Vitim to the location of Aldan and the third lower section - from Aldan's imposition to the mouth.
The source of Lena is considered a small lake 12 kilometers from Baikal, located at an altitude of 1470 meters. In the origin of August 19, 1997, a chapel was installed with a memorable plate. All the upper flow of Lena to the imposition of Vitim, that is, almost the third part of its length, falls on the mountain pre-bical. Water consumption in the Kirensk area - 1100 m 3 / s. By average, its segments between the mouths of the Vitima and Aldan rivers, 1415 km long. Near the imposition of Vitima Lena enters the limits of Yakutia and flows through it until the mouth itself. Taking Vitim, Lena turns into a very large multi-water river. The depths increase to 10-12 m, the channel expands, and numerous islands appear in it, the valley expands to 20-30 km. The valley asymmetric: the left slope is position; The right, represented by the Northern Territory of Patomic Health, is steeper and higher. On both slopes are growing thick coniferous forests, only sometimes replaced by meadows. From Olekma to Aldan Lena has not a single significant inflow. More than 500 km Lena flows into a deep and narrow valley embedded in limestone. Below the city of Pokrovsk there is a sharp expansion of the Lena Valley. The flow rate is strongly slowed down, it does not exceed 1.3 m / s anywhere, and mostly drops to 0.5-0.7 m / s. Only the floodplains has a width of five - seven, and in places and 15 km, and the entire valley has a width of 20 or more kilometers. Below Yakutsk Lena takes two main tributaries - Aldan and Vilyui. Now it is a gigantic water stream; Even where it goes in one channel, its width comes to 10 km, and the depth exceeds 16-20 m. In the same place, where there are many islands, Lena is poured 20-30 km. The coast of the river Surov and deserted. Popular points are very rare. In the lower flow of Lena, its pool is very narrow: from the east, the fathers of the Verkhoyansky ridge are coming - the Water Decoration of the Lena River and Yana, from the West, minor hills of the medium-grained plateau are separated by the Lena pools and the River Olenek. Below the village of Bulun River is squeezed by the commercially close ridges of Haraulh from the East and Chekanovsky from the West. Approximately 150 km from the sea begins an extensive Delta Lena.
Previously, in the end of April, the spring spill in the Kirensk area begins - on the Upper Lena - and, gradually shifting north, coming to the river still fed to the ice, reaches the town in mid-June. Water rises during the spill of 6-8 m above the membrane level. In the lower reaches, the rise of water reaches 10 m. On wide expanses of Lena and in the places of its essences of ice-freedom of Grozen and beautiful. Large fans of Lena significantly increase its water content, but, in general, the increase in costs occurs from top to bottom is quite evenly. Economic use Lena until this day remains the main transport artery of Yakutia, connecting its areas with the federal transport infrastructure. On Lena, the main part of the "Northern Express" is produced. The start of navigation is considered to be a pier Kachug, however, only small vessels pass from the port of Ostrov. Below the city of Ust-Kut, until the influx of tributaries, Vytim on Lena, many more difficult for shipping sites and relatively small places forcing annually carry out work on the deepening of the bottom. The navigation period lasts from 125 to 170 days.
Lena is a majestic and mighty river, one of the largest water arteries of Asia, collects its waters with endless expanses of Siberia. Her pool is completely within one state - Russia. In this article you will find short description Lena River, in particular its geographical location, water regime and shipping features on it.
Lena River Description Plan
All rivers are customary to describe on a specific algorithm, which includes several mandatory aspects. It provides for a comprehensive characteristic of watercourse in individual components. Thus, the Lena River Description Plan in our article will have the following form:
- The name of the river, as well as the history of its origin.
- Geography of the river (geographical location, source and mouth, the area of \u200b\u200bthe river basin, the structure of the river system, the listing of large tributaries, etc.).
- Hydrology of the river (average monthly water consumption, water features, freezing and opening of watercourse, etc.).
- The specificity of the economic use of the river by the River (the settlement of the shores, shipping, large ports and bridges on the river, and the shores, etc.).
River Lena: Quick description
Lena closes the first ten rivers in the length in the world (4270 km). This is one of the largest water arteries of Russia. This river has one amazing feature: it freezes in one direction (from the mouth to the upper reaches), and revealed - in the opposite.
Lena logichs will start with the explanation of the history of the origin of its name. Oddly enough, but it is not at all associated with women's name. This hydrotopony has an Evenk root and initially he sounded like "Ely-ENE", which means "big river". Over time, this name was transformed in Russian pronunciation to a more familiar to the sound of the word "Lena".
Geography of the river
Description of Lena - the river flowing through the expanses of Siberia will be incomplete without the detailed characteristics of its geographic location. Where does she take her beginning, in which direction flows and where does it flow?
Lena and all of its numerous tributaries collect their waters with extensive territories of Eastern Siberia. It is about 2500 thousand square kilometers. The river originates from a small lake, which, in turn, is almost a neighbor Baikal. In Pain upper current Lena carries its waters through the dissected area of \u200b\u200bthe mountain pre-biccologist. The average of the river is different the most interesting feature. Here, Lena has absolutely asymmetric shores: the left is low and gentle, and the right is represented with a steep and swollen edge of the Patomic Highlands.
Lena flows into the lower current this is already a giant watercourse that reaches a width of 10 kilometers! At a distance of 150 kilometers from the mouth of Lena, a wide delta was formed.
On his long path to the sea, the river takes an inconspicuous number of tributaries. However, the largest and most significant among them are four: it is Aldan, Vilyui, Vitim and Olekma.
River hydrology
Features of the hydrological regime is one of the main aspects that enters any physico-geographical description of the river. Lena feeds on snow and rainwater. It is characterized by a powerful spring flood, which accounts for about 40% of the whole drain, a few summer floods and low autumn-winter intereth.
The maximum average indicators are fixed in June, they reach 60000 m 3 / s.
Very powerful spectacle - Spring Iceshop on Lena, which, as a rule, is accompanied by stormy opposites. The river begins to be opened in April in the upper reaches, and ends - in June in the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth.
Settlement of the banks of the river and shipping
The economic use of the river is rather weak, since Lena proceeds in extremely low-established terrain. Along its channel there are only 6 small cities. In the biggest one - Yakutsk - only 300 thousand people live. Floating along the river, you can not see any hundred kilometers anything other than the deaf taiga.
On the entire length of Lena there is only 4 bridges. In the populated places of Siberians are transferred through the river with ferries or winterers.
Surprisingly, but Yakutia is one of those regions of the Earth, where the main transport artery is the river. It is Lena that is the most important highway of this area, according to which the transportation of people, raw materials and cargo is carried out. The navigation period lasts about 150 days a year. The main ports on the river are the following:
- Santar.
- Yakutsk.
- Pokrovsk.
- Olekminsk.
- Lensk.
- Kirensk.
- Sturgeon
Finally...
Lena is one of the largest river systems of Russia, which is fully located in its borders. In addition, this is also the most important transport highway of Siberia, connecting the few of its proud and settlements.
A brief description of the Lena River, proposed in this article, gives us a comprehensive and clear idea of \u200b\u200bits main geographical features, aquatic mode and the level of economic development.
Like all the big rivers of Siberia, Lena flows to the north, falling into the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, the outskirts of the northern Arctic Ocean. To some extent, Lena can be called the discoverer: after the melting of the glacier and the formation of flora and fauna, it is this river one of the first to trust a path to the sea, studying the endless taiga expanses of Siberia.
The usual Russian-speaking name "Lena" has nothing to do with the female name - it is only derived from the Evenki word of the Tunguso-Manchurian language group "Elo-Hena", which is translated as a "big river". Evenki Hyronim was applied by the reproductor of the river, the Russian landworthy Pyanka (Pendos), which in 1619-1623 he explored the river, proceeding downstream from the modern district of Kirensk to Yakutsk. Like all the big rivers of Siberia, Lena flows to the north, falling into the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, the outskirts of the northern ice ocean.
the source of Lena from a mountain lake near Baikal
The question of what is considered the source of Lena is still open " latest versions Indicate the mountain streams at an altitude of 1650 m. Further on the line, the water of Lena, depending on the conditions, change their character, showing all types of temperament: choleric - at the beginning of its path, phlegmatics - on average, Sanguita in Nizhny and Melancholics in Delta.
According to the nature of the flow of the river, three sections distinguish: from the source to the village of Kachug, from Kachuga to Zhigansk, the average course, and from Zhigansk to the mouth - the lower area.
Before the river of the Mranzurki River at the village of Kachug, Lena descends along the Baikal Range and falls in the mountain pre-bicallee, here it is possible to compare with choleric. With small sizes in this part (width 5-7 m), the rate of its flow does not fall below 9 km / h.
Further, Lena should be up to Ust-Kut and lower to the flow of tea and vitim into it, here it becomes closer to phlegmatic. This is especially noticeable after the fall of the Olekma and a significant expansion of the bed from p. Westi to Yakutsk, where it reaches 5 km. The slopes of the river in the middle of the flow are most often covered coniferous trees With occasionally tagging meadows.
Then the river in its unperturbed movement is expanding even more, reaching 7-9 km in line with an Aldan in line. And with Aldan and the incoming later, the width of the Lena comes up to 10 km (up to 20 on island sites), and the depth exceeds 16-20 m. In the area of \u200b\u200bZhigansk, Lena is narrowed and therefore its character goes to the Sanguchik: the flow becomes alive and powerful, reaching the maximum Forces.
Delta Lena River
Approximately 150 km from the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, an extensive Delta Lena begins, where it is pretty melancholy scattered into many parts. This world's largest river delta extends to 45,000 km2, surpassing the size of the Nile River Delta in the world. The sluggish stream shares thousands of islands, forming ducts and lakes, forming, closer to the sea, three main ducts: Western - Olenek, Middle Trofimovskaya and East Bykovskaya. The last of them, reaching 130 km in length, is key in river shipping, it is the trick that it comes to the Tiksi bay and the port of the same name.
In the Delta Lena are the most important ecological territories: Ust-Lena Reserves Delta and Falcon and Russia's largest reservation "Lena-mouth". Reserves are 402 species of plants, 32 species of fish, 109 species of birds and 33 mammals.
At the endless expanses of Siberia, the life of a person always seemed as rare as an oasis in the desert.
Local peoples of centuries existed in harmony with surrounding naturewithout encroaching on her laws. Even the appearance of Russians here in a short time since the end of the XVI to the end of the XVII century. The past "meeting the Sun" to the Pacific Ocean has not changed the relationship between humans and nature.
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History of the River Lena
The development of the Cossacks of the Lengsky coast began in 1619, when the landlords founded the Yenisei Ostrog, which became the point of further pickles to Lena and Baikal. By that time, rumors about " Large river"Whose shore is rich forest beastFor a long time they went among the Russian people, so with the advent of the "outpost" they immediately rushed to her searches. The river was approached from the north, on the bottom Tungusk to the vilyu and from the south - from Yeniseisk. The opening of Lena led to a rapid penetration into Yakutia. Three Ostrog were built. In 1632, Sotnik Yenisei Cossacks, Peter Beketov founded Yakutsky (Lensky) Ostrog, who became a reference point for campaigns to the East, to the Pacific Ocean and south, to Aldan and Amur. In 1634, Vilyuisk was founded, and in 1635 - Olekminsk.
Fortified settlements (ostrode) quickly turned into cities.
In 1643, Lensky Ostrog was moved to a new, more comfortable place, in the valley of the Tuimaad, which has long mastered Yakuta, and then received the status of the city and the name Yakutsk, now it is the largest city on the shores of Lena. For many centuries, he was a support base of studying and mastering Siberia. From here, dezhnev, Atlasov, Poyarkov, Khabarov and others went into their way. In Yakutsk B. different time Bering, Brothers Laptev, Chelyuskin. Since 1954, the diamond stage of the history of Yakutia, which turns the Siberian settlement on Lena to a rich city, living in Europe.
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In addition to Yakutsk, five cities are located on Lena: Ust-Kut, Kirensk, Lenek, Olekminsk, Pokrovsk. They play an important role of transport hubs, including key river ports. The most famous sturgeon in Ust-Kuta is the largest river port in Russia: the annual volume of its cargo turnover is 600 thousand tons, and the length of freight berths exceeds 1.5 km. In the whole basin, Lena, he one has a post with the railway, so that it is called "goal to the north". The largest ports of the tributaries of Lena are Bodaibo (on Vitim), Handig and Jebariki-Haya (in Aldan).
Lena and now remains the most important expensive Siberia. It largely goes to "Northern Zabor". The beginning of navigation on Lena is considered to be a pier Kachug, but before the fall in Lena, the river is not all of her sites are passable for large vessels. At the same other, Lena provides excellent conditions for water transport. True, shipping period is limited to the year at different parts of the river from 125 to 170 days.
Lena proceeds in the zone of permafrost, so she, and its main tributaries feed mainly with melt snow and rainwater. Water rises during the spill of 6-8 m in the upper course and up to 10 m in the lower. Spring Iceshop turns into a powerful element and is often accompanied by large messengers. Such congestion is just inherent in rivers, the autopsy of which occurs from top to bottom.
During freezing on the river, the land is formed, which sometimes return separate areas of the river in glacial period. It happens when the ice is formed on the bottom, which displaces unimpercene water upstairs. Gradually, it increases due to the altitude of water, as a result, it may rise above the river level a few meters. The largest toes can reach tens of kilometers, turning into a kind of dam.
Among the main tributaries of Lena (blue, Vitim, Aldan, Nyu, Olekma, Vilyui, Kirenga, Schu, young) The largest is Aldan with an average water consumption at the mouth of 5060 m3 / s and a pool area of \u200b\u200b729,000 km2.
Lena is a large river, the largest of the rivers of Russia, whose pool is completely within the boundaries of the country. People are harmed around it, but the world of natural nature is preserved.
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General information - River Lena
River in the Russian Federation in Eastern Siberia.
Sources: Baikal Range.
Usti: Laptev Sea.
The largest tributaries: blue, Vitim, Aldan, Nyu, Olekma, Vilyui, Kirenga, si. Young, mung.
The largest cities: Yakutsk, Ust-Kut, Kirensk, Lenek, Olekminsk, Pokrovsk.
The most important ports: sturgeon (Ust-Kut), Kirensk, Lenek, Olekminsk, Pokrovsk, Yakutsk, Santar. Tiksi.
The most important airports are Ust-Kut, Lenke, Yakutsk.
Lena pillars
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Numbers
Length: 4480 km.
Width: up to 20-30 km.
Pool area: 2 490,000 km2.
Middle water consumption at the mouth: 17 175 m3 / sec.
The height of the source above sea level: 1650 m.
ECONOMY
Agriculture: crop, animal husbandry, fisheries, hunting.
Services: Tourism, Transportation
Lena in the Irkutsk region
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Climate and weather
Cropped continental.
The average temperature of January: from -25ºС to -43ºС.
The average temperature of July: from + 17ºС to + 30ºС.
Average precipitation: about 200 mm.
Lena River attractions
■ Yakutsk: Nikolskaya Church (1852), Tower of Yakutskaya Ostrog (1685, Reconstruction), the former Voivodskaya Office (1707), "Sheregik Mine" with a depth of 116.6 m (1828-1836), Spassky Monastery (1664)
■ Ust-Kut: Water Museum, Local Lore Museum.
■ Kirensk: House of the Decembrist Golitsyn, ancient village in the vicinity of the city.
■ Olekminsk: Spassky, Spassky Cathedral (1860), Alexander Nevsky chapel (1891), memorable scene of exile.
■ Baikal Lensky, Olekminsky, Ust-Lena reserves; National Natural Park "Lensky Pillars", Reserve and Resource Reserves.
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Curious facts
■ Lena in length is the tenth among the most large rivers World.
■ The global market is habitually monitored oil and gas prices, but in the future, pure fresh water can be an essential strategic resource. Lena is one of the cleanest rivers of the world. It has no dams and hydroelectric power plants. In many places, water from the river can be drunk without boiling and health risks.
■ In its upper rapid flow of Lena, for thousands of years, as a sculptor-modernist, pulled out the fancy forms of "fortress walls" in the rocks. Huge, majestic cliffs, the so-called "Lensky pillars", take up on its shores a little higher than Pokrovsk, reaching a height of 200-300 m. One of the complex focus was called the name "Chert Walk", and the rock is "drunk bull"!
■ Freezing of Lena in separate sites starts from the bottom. Sometimes these small pieces of ice rose to the surface and float down. Such "Iceshop" is called Shugoy. It happens that a large number of Shugi completely fills the channel, forming congestion.
■ Not far from the village of Kachug Along the shore of Lena there are unique monuments skatal painting - Shishkinsky writings. The complex has more than 3 thousand drawings whose canvas are stretched by 3.5 km. Images of animals, travel, battles, holidays, etc. were performed in the period from the late Neolithic until the XIX century.
desert (Tukulans) on Lena
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■ There are many miracles in Siberia, but the desert, in the middle of the taiga, perhaps you will not meet anywhere. And on the right bank of Lena it is. The sand dunes stretched for about 1 km and create a full illusion of hot and arid terrain, which is destroyed only by the borders of pine. Until now, there are many versions on the origin of this phenomenon and none of them are accepted.
■ Detected in 1982 in the area of \u200b\u200bLensky Pillars Traces of stay ancient man Re-reanimated the hypothesis of the internal origin of a person. And although scientists evaluate the age of these neolithic sites in different ways, the fact that the territory of Yakutia was occupied by representatives of the genus Homo already at least three hundred thousand years ago. The Russian scientist Yu A. Mokhinov and at all dates the age of parking as 1.8 million years, which puts them in one row with the oldest parking lot found in the Olduva Gorge in Africa.
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Article about the geography of the Lena River
Lena is one of the 10 greatest planet rivers. It carries its waters for 4400 km from the source in the Baikal Range to the Northern Ocean. On average, the Lena width reaches 15 km, the width of the bed in the lower reaches - up to 20-25 km, and the size of the Lena delta is even marked in the Guinness Book of Records.
Her tributaries, Vitim, Olekma, Aldan and Vilyui exceed many major rivers in Europe. The seven months of the river was abandoned by an ice shell of a thickness of more than meter, the flood comes in the second half of May.
There are neither dams nor hydroelectric power plants, no dam, and the beauty river proceeds on the natural river, like millions of years ago. Here you can still drink water by jumping from the River Padonu.
Amazing landscapes, Lensky cheeks, Lena pillars, rich vegetable and animal world, a peculiar culture of the ancient people - all this is capable of hitting the imagination of the most sophisticated traveler.
Where did the Lena River get its name? Versions set. One of them, comic, attributes the "baptism" of the Cossacks of the River: "By passing the river to the flour (on which they suffered), Kupa (where they bathe), Kutu (where he was ridden)" they went to the big river where it was possible to be lazy. From this, the name of the river - Lena. Most researchers, however, believe that, most likely, this is a changed Russian Tungus-Manchurian (Even-Evenkoe) "Ely-Ena", which means "big river". And indeed, with the length of the river 4400 km. R. Lena takes the 11th place among the largest rivers of the world and 2nd, after Amur with his tributaries, shile and onon, among the rivers of Russia.
From its catchment pool, which makes up a non-small 2500 km2, in the territory of which Spain, France and all East European states could accommodate, flow into the Lena River, having her water, more than 500 tributaries, longer than 10 km.
The total length of the tributaries r. Lena is more than 50 thousand km. Such, its tributaries, like Olkma, Vitim, Aldan and Vilyui can argue in length and water from any largest European artery. Lena introduces about 540 cubic water kilometers a year in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. And together with it - more than 5 million tons of dissolved substances, 27 million tons of suspended nanos and a huge stock of the heat of the Siberian land.
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Begins river Lena is completely close, just 20 kilometers away, from the legendary Sea Lake Baikal. It flows through a stony part of a small rounded lake, located at an absolute mark of about 1640 m, in the water-seed part of the Baikal ridge, about 54 ° CH and 107055 "VD.
The upper part of the river, is thoroughly shown in the book of A.Kollesov and S. Mostakhov: "About 20 km from the source to the right bank of the big Lena Sun Savda, the trail is descended. It was laid tourists, geologists, as well as forest inhabitantscoming here on water. The width of the river is not yet large, only 5-7 m, the depth is 0.2-0.4 m, but the flow rate is significant (up to 7-9 km / h). From here, on Big Lena, you can already swim on an inflatable boat ... Clear, cumyers, waterproof, cool turns follow one after another. Soon the first name is the first nominal rummy gold rods. Around his mouth, an amazing beauty of the Lena Valley is hidden in the distant beauty: the ridges with stony vertices are blocked around, some snowflakes can be seen.
However, let us return again, to its origins, more precisely, to one of them - to the river messenger, flowing into the river. Lena slightly above the kachug. If you carefully look into the map of the relief, it can be found that the ridges of the Mranzourki River have to the southeast of the continuation of the shaved gentle sprinkle, where small rivers take the beginning - a holoible and Buguldaka, flowing into Lake Baikal. The largest expert of geology and nature r. Lena O. Consuck saw a huge discrepancy between insignificant speed and consumption of modern flow r. Menzur with a very wide, as it were, the rolling valley and a powerful, reaching 100 m in its thickness of river (alluvial) sediments of the sandy-pebble composition. It is likely to assume that once one of these nodbresses associated the valley of the river. Menzur with Baikal and then become explained and unusual form Merzur's river valleys, and powerful accumulations in her river deposits.
If such an assumption is true, the question is appropriate when the origins of the ps occurred. Lena from Baikal? The upper part of alluvial sediments of the valley r. Menzur has an average age-class age, although in reality they can be younger - they simply could be twice with an aqueous stream before taking the current position in the context. Meanwhile, given the modern tectonic activity of the earthly tver of the Baikal Mountains, it can be assumed that this is the statement of p. Lena from Baikal occurred in human memory. After all, it fell in 1911 completely unexpectedly, north of the mouth r. Selenga, Block earth crustBy forming a significant bay, called "failure". By the way, this failure absorbed and a small village there.
Implementation of the rover r. Lena from Baikal could occur as a result of the lifting of framing Baikal of the mountain ranges. The high seismic activity of this territory, manifested in fairly frequent and strong earthquakes, as well as the appearance of the slopes of the mountains - their steepness of the stepperness and nude is not contrary to such an assumption. But then another river that originates from the lake should have been formed. There are indirect evidence that the exploration of the origins of Lena from Lake Baikal and the formation of a new water artery just happened in the memory of people who once mentioned those edges that was reflected in the ancient Buryat legend about this event.
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We give it with some reduction on the record N.I. Tolstikhin, made by him in 1919. From time immemorial between the mountain ranges Southern Siberia. He dwells the Bogatyr Baikal and he had 360 rivers - daughters, among whom the most beloved was the beauty of the hangar. Daughters loved their father, supplied it purest water and reigned between them peace and calm. But one day, the hangar saw in the distance by the young Yunisay's young man. At first glance, she fell in love with him and deeply fled after him. In the morning, my father did not find his beloved daughter and,. Having seen a huge black stone from the nearest cliff from the nearest cliff and threw her after. The stone fell just in the place where the hangar ran from Baikal and for a long time The dark black cliff rose in the origins of the hangars until the Irkutskaya HPP raised the water in Baikal. Now only a small stone island remained from this cliff, slightly towering above the water level. Raise, Baikal touched the second stone from the mountain and pulled the daughter with even greater force. But again the hangar managed to run dangerous placeAnd the stone fell into the formed valley and crumbled into pieces and fraternal thresholds arose, where the brotherly hydropower station was also built. And the third stone threw Baikal after the daughter and fell that the stone slightly farther the mouth of the Ilima river and the thresholds were formed, on which the Ust-Ilimsk hydroelectric station was built.
So it was in reality or not so - we are not given to judge. For the fantastic plot of ancient legends sometimes masked unusual way historical facts, often distorted when they are transmitted from generation to generation, however, it is not less significant to understand the events of the long-lasting days. So read the legend, and as it was in reality - one God knows. Stretching to 74 ° CH, Valley r. Lena crosses several latitudinal geographic belts and global geological structures that predetermines the great diversity of its landscapes, and makes it focus only on those most important features that are at least determine the hydrography and hydrology of p. Lena, outlines of the Lena Valley and its sides, work performed by the mass of moving waters and ice. However, in order to deal with all this, it is worth touching at least in the most general features, The Basin of the Lena River is many features of its geological structure and history and, moreover, permanent or geocircium conditions, predetermine the unique features of Lena valleys, distinguishing it from other river valleys of our planet.
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Lena is one of the few largest rivers of Eurasia, still "not saddated by the dams of hydroelectric power plants or other hydraulic structures. Landscapes were really preserved in her pool. There is something else to protect and protect the nature converters from a stupid itch. The extensive spaces of the Lena basin form the habitats of many Siberian peoples, first of all - Yakuts, Evenov and Evenkov. They are inextricably linked with the natural environment providing them with food and exchange.
Finally, the landscapes of the Lena Valley are unique. Their moral and aesthetic significance will increase as cultural exchanges expand, needs to know natural laws. These are the internal foundations of protecting the Lena basin. Meanwhile, gold and diamonds, iron and coal, oil and gas, ornamental and facing stones, mica and apatite - this is not a complete list of what is contained in the bowels of the Lena Earth, it was mined, is mined or waiting for their own hours. Taiga and Tundra are attracted by forestryrs and fisherbing hunters. Fertile lands of river terraces and jellyts are used for field growing, vegetable growing and animal husbandry in the south, reindeer husbandry and distant horse breeding - in the north. Lena sleeves, its numerous tributaries, unbound lakes - reliable sources of fish. The river itself and its main tributaries since ancient times are transport paths. The territory of the Lensky Basin and urban trends - in cities and towns of urban type, industrial production and population concentrates. Such is the background of further influence on the Lensky ecosystems.
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According to different estimates, the annual stock river is from 489 to 542 km³, which corresponds to the average annual flow rate at the mouth of 15 500 to 17 175 m³ / s. The main nutrition, as well as almost all the tributaries, make up tale snow and rainwater. The widespread spread of permafrost within the catchment prevents nutrition of rivers with groundwater, only geothermal sources are exception.
Due to the general regime of precipitation for Lena, spring floods are characterized by a spring, several rather high floods in summer and low autumn-winter aircraft up to 366 m³ / s at the mouth. At the time of the spring flood in June accounts for 40% of the drain, for the period from June to October - 91%. The greatest average monthly water consumption in the mouth was observed in June 1989 and was 104,000 m³ / s, the maximum water consumption in the mouth during the flood may exceed 200,000 m³ / s.
The average monthly water costs in m³ / s, averaged for 1976-1994, the measurements were made in the river delta at the station "Pillars".
Per winter On the river, 10-20 km³ of ice or 3% of its annual flow is formed. In the summer of his receipt along with large volumes of flood water in small southern part Laptev's sea leads - as in the case of other major Siberian rivers - to the phenomenon of inversion, that is, to the local destruction of the sea and to a later release from ice of its nearby water area.
The minimum annual runoff, fixed in 1986, was 402 km³, changes for 65 years accounted for 326 km³ or a mean equal to 516 km³, changed by 63%. As with most major rivers of the world with a large area of \u200b\u200bthe pool, periodic changes in the annual flow are characterized for Lena, which follow the eleven-year-old solar activity cycles. The first type of maximum takes place for about the next year after the start of the new solar cycle and can be explained by the intensive melting of forehead and the permissal formed over the past 2-3 years, as well as the development of arctic oscillation and an increase in precipitation within the pool in the winter period. In this case, there is the most noticeable increase in stock - for example, in 1989, the average annual consumption of water amounted to 23,054 m³ / s, which corresponds to 728 km³ / year. The second type of maximum is less pronounced and takes place in the middle of the eleventh-year-old cycle, characterized by a smaller spring flood and is achieved due to more precipitation in the summer-autumn period.
Lena differs from other rivers of Russia with their ice regime and powerful winds. Durable and thick ice on the river is formed in conditions of extremely cold, long and low-cost winter. Spring ice-frequency has a great power, often accompanied by the winds of the ice and the flooding of significant territories. Previously, in the end of April, the spring spill in the Kirensk area begins - on the Upper Lena - and, gradually shifting north, coming to the river still fed to the ice, reaches the town in mid-June. Water rises during the spill of 6-8 m above the membrane level. In the lower reaches, water raising reaches 18 m.
paleozoic section on the shore of Lena, Arctic part of the river
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Infrastructure and settlements
Shipping
Lena River is an important transport highway.
Lena until this day remains the main transport artery of Yakutia, connecting its areas with the federal transport infrastructure. On Lena, the main part of the "Northern Express" is produced. The beginning of navigation is considered to be a pier Kachug, however, only small vessels pass from the port of sturgeon. Below the city of Ust-Kut, until the influx of tributaries, Vytim on Lena, many more difficult for shipping sites and relatively small places forcing annually carry out work on the deepening of the bottom.
The navigation period lasts from 125 to 170 days. The main ports on Lena (from the source to the mouth):
Sturgeon (3500 km from the mouth of Lena; 3620 km from Cape Bykov, Ust-Kut) - The largest river port in Russia and the only one in the Lensky basin communicating with the railway, for which he is called "goal to the north";
Kirensk (3319 km from the bulls cape);
Lensk (2648 km; 2665 km from Cape Bulls) - serves the diamond-mining industry of peaceful;
Olekminsk (2258 km from Cape Bykov);
Pokrovsk (1729 km from the bulls cape);
Yakutsk (1530 km; 1638 km from the Cape Bykov)) - plays a major role in the transshipment of goods coming from the port of Ostrovo (Ust-Kut, railway station Lena);
Santan (1314 km from the Cape Bykov)
Tiksi (0 km; sea port of the sea Laptev).
Note: In order to ensure rugged shipping on p. Lena, kilometer of settlements, etc. Objects are carried out from Cape Bulls (72 ° 0 "0" S.Sh. 129 ° 7 "1" V.D.).
The largest ports of the tributaries of Lena: Bodaibo by 292 km from the mouth (Vitim Rivers), Handiga by 456 km, Jebariki-Haya by 511 km from the mouth (Aldan River).
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Bridges on the River Lena
From the source to the mouth:
In 2009, the construction of a bridge across Lena was completed at the Kuragino-Zhigalovo highway in the area of \u200b\u200bPonomarev (Irkutsk Region), instead of an outdated pontoon bridge.
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Zhigalovo village on the Gigalovo - Main Road Road, the Pontoon Automobile Bridge is valid.
The railway bridge in Ust-Kuta (Irkutsk region, in the western plot of the Baikal Amur highway) was commissioned in 1975
The car bridge in Ust-Kuta was delivered in 1989.
Downstream, as of 2014, there are no bridges. In populated areas for crossing the river, ferries (summer) or wintering (winter) are used. In Yakutia, it is planned to build a combined railway-automotive bridge over Lena with a length of 3.2 km in the framework of the construction of the Amur-Yakut railway line.
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Settlements
The shores of Lena are very weak. With the exception of approaches to Yakutsk, where the population density is relatively high, the distance between neighboring settlements can reach hundreds of kilometers engaged in a deaf taiga. Often there are abandoned villages, sometimes temporary watchmen.
On Lena there are 6 cities (from the source to the mouth):
Ust-Kut;
Kirensk - the oldest city on Lena, founded in 1630;
Lensk;
Olekminsk;
Pokrovsk;
Yakutsk is the largest settlement on Lena, founded in 1632. With the population of 303 thousand people. is also the largest city in the Northeast of Russia;
Two historical settlements:
Sottietts - Lensky Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve "Friendship"; Place the initial foundation of the city of Yakutsk.
Zhigansk - founded in 1632. In 1783-1805 - County city.