Climatic conditions in the tropics. Climatic belts of land Tropical monsoon climate

Climate - This is a long-term weather mode characteristic of a particular area. It is manifested in a natural change of all weather types observed in this area.

The climate has an impact on living and non-resident nature. In close dependence on the climate there are water bodies, soil, vegetation, animals. Separate sectors of the economy, primarily agriculture, are also very dependent on the climate.

The climate is formed as a result of the interaction of many factors: the amount of solar radiation coming to the earth's surface; Circulation of the atmosphere; The nature of the underlying surface. In this case, climate-forming factors themselves depend on the geographical conditions of the locality, primarily from geographic latitude.

The geographical latitude of the area determines the angle of falling the sun's rays, obtaining a certain amount of heat. However, getting heat from the Sun depends on nearby Ocean. In places located away from the oceans, the precipitation falls a bit, and the mode of their loss is distinguished by unevenness (in the warm period more than in cold), cloudiness is low, winter cold, summer is warm, the annual temperature amplitude is large. This climate is called continental, as it is typical for places located in the depths of the continents. A marine climate is formed over the aqueous surface, for which the smooth move temperature of the air, with small daily and annual temperature amplitudes, a large cloudiness, uniform and enough a large number of Atmospheric precipitation.

Great influence on climate and sea currents. Warm currents warm the atmosphere in areas where they proceed. For example, the warm north-atlantic flow creates favorable conditions for growing forests in the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, while most of the Island of Greenland, lying around the same latitudes as the Scandinavian peninsula, but outside the zone of the influence of the warm current, round year covered with a thick layer of ice.

A large role in climate formation belongs relief. You already know that with lifting terrain for each kilometer, the air temperature is reduced by 5-6 ° C. Therefore, on the high-mountain slopes of the Pamirs, the average annual temperature is 1 ° C, although it is slightly north of the tropic.

The location of the mountain ranges has a great influence on the climate. For example, Caucasian Mountains The wet sea winds are delayed, and on their wind-out slopes, addressed to the Black Sea, drops significantly more precipitation than on led. At the same time, the mountains serve an obstacle to the cold northern winds.

The dependence of the climate and from dominant winds. In the territory of the East European Plain, the Western winds coming from the Atlantic Ocean prevail during almost the entire year, so winter on this territory is relatively soft.

Areas of the Far East are under the action of monsoons. In winter, winds from the depths of the mainland are constantly blowing. They are cold and very dry, so there are little precipitation. In the summer, on the contrary, the winds bring a lot of moisture from the Pacific. In the fall, when the wind from the ocean subsides, the weather is usually solar, quiet. it best time years in this area.

Climatic characteristics are statistical conclusions from perennial rows of weather observations (in moderate breadthah use 25-50-year-old rows; In the tropics, their duration may be less), primarily above the following main meteorological elements: atmospheric pressure, speed and direction of wind, temperature and humidity, cloudiness and atmospheric precipitation. Also, the duration of solar radiation, visibility range, temperature of the upper layers of soil and water bodies, evaporation of water from the earth's surface into the atmosphere, height and state of snow cover, various atmospheric phenomena and terrestrial hydrometeors (dew, ice, fog, thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.). In the XX century The number of climatic indicators included the characteristics of the elements of the heat balance of the earth's surface, such as the total solar radiation, the radiation balance, the heat exchange magnitude between the earth's surface and the atmosphere, the cost of heat to evaporation. Comprehensive indicators are also used, i.e. the functions of several elements: various coefficients, factors, indices (for example, continentality, dryness, moisturizing), etc.

Climatic belts

Perennial averages of meteorological elements (annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, etc.), their sums, repeatability, etc. are called climatic standards: Appropriate values \u200b\u200bfor individual days, months, years, etc. are considered to be a deviation from these norms.

Cards with climate indicators are called climatic (Temperature distribution map, pressure distribution map, etc.).

Depending on the temperature conditions, the prevailing air masses and winds allocate climatic belts.

The main climatic belts are:

• equatorial;
• two tropical;
• two moderate;
• arctic and Antarctic.

Between the main belts are transitional climatic belts: subequatorial, subtropical, subarctic, subnutrctic. IN transition belts Air masses are changing over the seasons. They come here from neighboring belts, therefore the climate of the subequatorial belt in the summer is similar to the climate of the equatorial belt, and in the winter - with a climate of tropical; The climate of subtropical belts in the summer is similar to a climate of tropical, and in winter - with a climate of moderate belts. This is due to the seasonal movement over the globe of the beans of atmospheric pressure after the Sun: in the summer - to the north, in the winter - to the south.

Climatic belts are divided into climatic regions. For example, in the tropical belt, Africa allocate areas of a tropical dry and tropical wet climate, and in Eurasia, the subtropical belt is divided into the field of Mediterranean, continental and monsoon climate. In the mountainous areas, a high-rise explanancy is formed due to the fact that with a height temperature drops.

Variety of land climates

Climate classification gives an ordered system to characterize climate types, their zoning and mapping. We give examples of climate types prevailing in extensive territories (Table 1).

Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts

Antarctic I. arctic climate dominates in Greenland and Antarctica, where average monthly temperatures are below ° C. In the dark winter time years these regions do not receive solar radiation at all, although there are twilight and polar Siands. Even in the summer, the sun rays fall on the ground surface at a low angle, which reduces the effectiveness of the warm-up. Most of the suitable solar radiation is reflected in ice. Low temperatures are dominated by both in summer and in winter in the sublime areas of the Antarctic Ice Cover. The climate of the internal areas of Antarctica is much colder than the climate of the Arctic, since the southern mainland is distinguished by large size and altitudes, and the northern architect ocean softens the climate, despite the widespread package of packing ice. In the summer during short warming drifting ice sometimes melts. The sediments on the glacial seals fall out in the form of snow or small particles of the ice fog. The internal areas receive only 50-125 mm precipitation every year, but on the coast can fall out more than 500 mm. Sometimes cyclones bring cloudiness and snow to these areas. Snowfalls are often accompanied by strong windsthat carry significant snow masses by blowing it off from the skate. Strong Stock Winds with snowstorms blowing with cold glacial spits, pulling out snow on the coast.

Table 1. Earth climates

Climate type	Clima-tic	Medium-nai pace, ° С		Mode and the number of atmospheric precipitation, mm	Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
Equatorial	Equatorial			During a year. 2000.	In the region of low atmospheric pressure, warm and wet equatorial air masses are formed	Equatorial areas of Africa, South America and Oceania
Tropical monsoon	Subaurva-Torial			Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 2000		South and Southeast Asia, Western and Central Africa, North Australia
Tropical Dry	Tropical			During the year, 200		North Africa, Central Australia
Mediterranean	Subtropical			Advantageous in winter, 500	In summer - anticyclones at high atmospheric pressure; Winter - cyclonic activity	Mediterranean, South Coast of Crimea, South Africa, Southwestern Australia, Western California
Subtropical dry	Subtropical			During a year. 120.	Dry continental air masses	Internal parts of the mainland
Moderate marine	Moderate			During a year. 1000.	Western winds	Western parts of Eurasia and North America
Moderate continental	Moderate			During a year. 400.	Western winds	Internal parts of the mainland
Moody monsoon	Moderate			Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 560		Eastern outdoor Eurasia
Subarctic	Subarctic			During the year, 200	Cyclones prevail	Northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America
Arctic (Antarctic)	Arctic (Antark-tichetic)			During the year, 100	Anticyclones prevail	North water area Arctic Ocean And mainland Australia

Subarctic continental climate Forms in the north of the mainland (see atlas climate map). In winter, the Arctic air is dominated here, which is formed in the areas of high pressure. The Arctic air applies to the Eastern regions of Canada.

Continental subrctic climate In Asia, it is characterized by the largest air balloon amplitude (60-65 ° C). The continentality of the climate reaches the limit value here.

The average temperature in January varies around the territory from -28 to -50 ° C, and in lowlands and hollows due to the caution of air its temperature below. In Oymyakone (Yakutia) recorded for the northern hemisphere Negative air temperature (-71 ° C). The air is very dry.

Summer B. subarctic belt Although the short, but rather warm. The average monthly temperature in July ranges from 12 to 18 ° C (daily maximum - 20-25 ° C). Over the summer, more than half of the annual amount of precipitation makes up in the flat territory of 200-300 mm, and on the windward slopes of elevations - up to 500 mm per year.

The climate of the subarctic belt of North America is less continentile compared to the corresponding climate of Asia. There is less cold winter and colder summer.

Moderate climatic belt

Moderate climate of Western coasts of continents It has pronounced marks of the sea climate and is characterized by the predominance of marine air masses throughout the year. It is observed on the Atlantic Coast of Europe and the Pacific Coast of North America. Cordillera are the natural border separating the coast with the sea type of climate from the incontinental districts. The European coast, except Scandinavia, is open to free access of marine moderate air.

The permanent transfer of sea air is accompanied by a large cloudiness and causes protracted spring, in contrast to inside the continental regions of Eurasia.

Winter B. moderate belt Western coasts warm. Ocean's sweeping influence is enhanced with warm sea currents that wash the western banks of the continig. The average temperature in January is positive and varies around the territory from north to south from 0 to 6 ° C. When invasion of arctic air, it can be reduced (on the Scandinavian coast up to -25 ° C, and in French - to -17 ° C). During the spread of tropical air to the north, the temperature sharply rises (for example, it often reaches 10 ° C). In winter, large positive deviations of the temperature from the medium latitudinal (20 ° C) are noted on the West Coast of Scandinavia. The temperature anomaly on the Pacific Coast of North America is less and is not more than 12 ° C.

Summer is rarely hot. The average temperature in July is 15-16 ° C.

Even during the day the air temperature rarely exceeds 30 ° C. Because of frequent cyclones, for all seasons, cloudy and rainy weather is characterized. Especially many cloudy days It happens on the west coast of North America, where the Cordiller cyclones are forced to slow down their movement in front of mountain systems. In connection with this, the big monotony is characterized by weather in the south of Alaska, where there are no time in our understanding. There is an eternal autumn, and about the occurrence of winter or summer resemble only plants. The annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountain ranges - from 2000 to 6000 mm.

In conditions of sufficient moisture on the coasts, broad-sided forests are developed, and in excessive-coniferous conditions. The lack of summer heat reduces the top border of the forest in the mountains up to 500-700 m above sea level.

Moderate climate of eastern coasts of continents It has monsoon features and is accompanied by a seasonal change of winds: the North-Western flows prevailed in the summer - southeast. It is well expressed on the east coast of Eurasia.

In winter, a cold continental moderate air is distributed with the northwestern wind on the mainland coast, which is the cause of the low average temperature of the winter months (from -20 to -25 ° C). Clear, dry, windy weather prevailing. In the southern regions of the coast of precipitation little. The North of the Amur region, Sakhalin and Kamchatka often enter the influence of cyclones moving over Safety ocean. So in winter there is a powerful snow cover, especially in Kamchatka, where his maximum height reaches 2 m.

In summer, the south-eastern wind on the coast of Eurasia is distributed by sea temperate air. Summer is warm, with the average temperatures of July from 14 to 18 ° C. Frequent precipitation, which are due to cyclonic activities. Their annual amount is 600-1000 mm, and most of the part falls in summer. At this time of year, fogs are frequent.

Unlike Eurasia, the East Coast of North America is characterized by sea features of the climate, which are expressed in the predominance of winter precipitation and the sea type of the annual movement of air temperature: the minimum occurs in February, and the maximum in August, when the ocean is warm.

Canadian Anticyclone, in contrast to Asian, unstable. It is formed away from the coast and is often interrupted by cyclones. Winter here is soft, multiserry, raw and windy. In the snowy winters, the height of the snowdrifts reaches 2.5 m. With southern wind, it is often an idol. Therefore, some streets of individual cities in the east of Canada have iron railing for pedestrians. Summer cool and rainy. Annual precipitation - 1000 mm.

Moderate continental climate The most distinctly expressed in the Eurasian mainland, especially in the districts of Siberia, Transbaikalia, the North of Mongolia, as well as on the territory of the Great Plains in North America.

A feature of a moderate continental climate is a large annual amplitude of air temperature, which can reach 50-60 ° C. IN winter months With a negative radiation balance, the earth's surface is injected. A particularly large cooling effect of the surface of the sushi on the surface layers of air in Asia, where a powerful Asian anticyclone is formed in winter and the weighted, windless weather prevails. Moderate continental air generating in the anticyclone region has low temperature (-0 ° ...- 40 ° C). In the valleys and hollows due to radiation intagnese, the air temperature may decrease to -60 ° C.

In the middle of winter, the continental air in the lower layers becomes even colder than the Arctic. This very cold air of Asian Anticyclone spreads to Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, southeastern areas of Europe.

Winter Canadian anticyclone compared to Asian anticyclone is less stable due to the smaller sizes of the North American mainland. The winter is less severe here, and their severity does not increase to the center of the mainland, as in Asia, but, on the contrary, somewhat decreases due to the frequent passage of cyclones. Continental moderate air in North America has a higher temperature than continental moderate air in Asia.

On the formation of a continental moderate climate significant influence Remote geographical features of the territory territory. In North America, the Cordiller Mountain Ridges are a natural border separating the coast with the sea climate from inside the mainland areas with a continental climate. In Eurasia, a moderate continental climate is formed on the huge Sushi space, from about 20 to 120 ° C. D. Unlike North America Europe is open to free penetration of sea air from the Atlantic deep into the inner areas. This contributes not only to the western transfer of air masses, prevailing in moderate latitudes, but also the plain nature of the relief, the strong stencil of coasts and deep penetration into the land of the Baltic and Northern Moreley. Therefore, a moderate climate of less continentality is formed over Europe compared to Asia.

In winter, the sea atlantic air moved over the cold surface of the sushi moderate europeous latitudes, long retains its physical properties, and its effects extends to the whole of Europe. In winter, as the atlantic effect is weakened, the air temperature from the west is east. In Berlin, it is in January 0 ° C, in Warsaw -3 ° C, in Moscow -11 ° C. At the same time, isotherms over Europe have a meridional orientation.

Eurasia and North America's conversation with a wide front to the Arctic basin contributes to deep penetration on the mainland of cold air masses throughout the year. The intensive meridional transfer of air masses is especially characteristic of North America, where often the Arctic and tropical air is replaced by each other.

The tropical air entering the plains of North America with southern cyclones is also slowly transformed due to the high speed of its movement, large moisture content and solid low cloudiness.

In winter, the consequence of intense meridional circulation of air masses are the so-called "racing" temperatures, their large intertoon amplitude, especially in areas where cyclones are frequent: in the north of Europe and Western Siberia., Great plains of North America.

In the cold period, snow cover is falling out in the form of snow, the snow cover is formed, which protects the soil from deep freezing and creates moisture supply in the spring. The height of the snow cover depends on the duration of its location and the number of drop-down precipitation. In Europe, the steady snow cover on the flat territory is formed east of Warsaw, its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the northeastern regions of Europe and Western Siberia. In the center of the Russian Plain, the height of the snow cover is 30-35 cm, and in Transbaikalier - less than 20 cm. On the plains of Mongolia, in the center of the anticyclonic region, snow cover is formed only in some years. Lack of snow along with a low winter air temperature determines the presence of many years of permissal, which is no longer observed anywhere on the globe under these latimes.

In North America on the great plains, snow cover is insignificant. To the east of the plains in the front-end processes, the tropical air begins to take part, it aggravates the frontal processes, which causes abundant snowfall. In the Montreal area, snow cover is held up to four months, and its height reaches 90 cm.

Summer in the continental regions of Eurasia is warm. The average temperature of July is 18-22 ° C. In the arid areas of the south-east of Europe and Central Asia average temperature Air in July reaches 24-28 ° C.

In North America, continental air is somewhat colder than in Asia and Europe. This is due to the smaller length of the mainland by latitude, the large slication of its northern part of the bays and fjords, the abundance of large lakes and more intensely intensive in the internal areas of Eurasia by the development of cyclonic activities.

In a moderate belt, the annual precipitation on the flat territory of the mainland changes from 300 to 800 mm, on the alps of the alps, the Alps drops over 2,000 mm. Most of the precipitation falls in summer, which is primarily due to the increase in air moisture content. Eurasia has a decrease in precipitation in the territory from the west to the East. In addition, the amount of precipitation decreases from the north to the south due to a decrease in the repeatability of cyclones and an increase in air dryness in this direction. In North America, the decrease in precipitation on the territory is noted, on the contrary, towards the West. What do you think why?

Most of the sushi in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental temperate climate is occupied by mountain systems. These are the Alps, Carpathians, Altai, Sayan, Cordillera, Rocky Mountains, etc. mountainous areas climatic conditions significantly different from the climate of the plains. In summer, the air temperature in the mountains quickly drops with a height. In winter, at the invasion of cold air masses, the air temperature on the plains is often lower than in the mountains.

Great influence on precipitation. The precipitation increases on the winding slopes and at some distance in front of them, and on the leeward - weaken. For example, differences in the annual precipitation between the Western and Eastern slopes of the Ural mountains are 300 mm. In the mountains with a height of precipitation increase to a certain critical level. In the Alps, the level of the largest amount of precipitation falls at a height of about 2000 m, in the Caucasus - 2500 m.

Subtropical climatic belt

Continental subtropical climate Determined by the seasonal change of moderate and tropical air. The average temperature of the coldest month in Central Asia places below zero, in the north-east of China -5 ...- 10 ° C. The average temperature of the warmest month is in the range of 25-30 ° C, while the daytime maxima may exceed 40-45 ° C.

The most strongly continentality of the climate in the air temperature mode is manifested in the southern regions of Mongolia and in the north of China, where in the winter season there is a center of Asian Anticyclone. Here, the annual amplitude of the air temperature is 35-40 ° C.

Sharply continental climate In a subtropical belt for high-mountainous areas of the Pamir and Tibet, the height of which is 3.5-4 km. The climate of the Pamirs and Tibet is characterized cold winter, cool summer and a small amount of precipitation.

In North America, a continental arid subtropical climate is formed in closed plateau and in the intermoreflakes located between the coast and rocky ridges. Summer roast and dry, especially in the south, where the average July temperature is above 30 ° C. The absolute maximum temperature can reach 50 ° C and higher. The temperature of +56.7 ° C was registered in the death valley!

Wet subtropical climates It is characteristic of the eastern coasts of the continents to the north and south of the tropics. The main areas of distribution - southeast of the United States, some southeastern areas of Europe, North India and Myanmar, East China and South Japan, Northeast Argentina, Uruguay and South Brazil, Natal Province coast in South Africa and the east coast of Australia. Summer in wet subtropics prolonged and roast, with the same temperatures as in the tropics. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds +27 ° C, and the maximum +38 ° C. Winters are soft, with average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, but random freezers have a destructive effect on plantation of vegetable and citrus. In wet subtropics, the average annual amounts of precipitation range from 750 to 2000 mm, the distribution of precipitation for the seasons is quite uniform. In winter, rain and rare snowfall are brought mainly by cyclones. Summer of precipitation falls mainly in the form of thunderstorms, associated with powerful incidents of warm and wet oceanic air, characteristic of monsoon circulation East Asia. Hurricanes (or typhoons) are manifested at the end of summer and in the fall, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Subtropical climate With a dry summer, typical for Western coasts of continents north and south of the tropics. In southern Europe and North Africa Such climatic conditions are characteristic of coast Mediterranean Seathat served as a reason to call this climate also mediterranean. A similar climate in Southern California, the central regions of Chile, in the South Africa and in a number of districts in the south of Australia. In all these areas, hot summer and mild winters. As in wet subtropics, frost occasionally occasionally. In the inner areas in the summer, temperatures are significantly higher than on the coasts, and often the same as in tropical deserts. In general, clear weather prevails. In the summer on the coasts under which the ocean flows are passing, there are often fogs. For example, in San Francisco Summer is cool, foggy, and the warmer month is September. Maximum precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones in winter, when the prevailing air flows are mixed towards the equator. The effect of anticyclones and descending air flows over the oceans determine the dryness of the summer season. The average annual precipitation in the conditions of the subtropical climate ranges from 380 to 900 mm and reaches maximum values \u200b\u200bon the coasts and slopes of the mountains. In the summer, precipitation is usually lacking for normal growth trees, and therefore there is a specific type of evergreen shrub vegetation, known as McWis, Chaparal, Mal and Maccia and Finbosh.

Equatorial climatic belt

Equatorial type of climate Distributed in the Equatorial latitudes in Amazon's pools in South America and Congo in Africa, on Malakka and the Islands of Southeast Asia. Usually the average annual temperature is about +26 ° C. Due to the high midday standing of the sun over the horizon and the same duration of the day throughout the year, seasonal temperature fluctuations are small. Wet air, cloudy and thick vegetation intercoms interfere with night-cooled and maintain maximum daily temperatures below +37 ° C, lower than in more high latoms. The average annual rainfall in wet tropics ranges from 1500 to 3000 mm and they are divided into seasons usually uniformly. The precipitates are mainly associated with the intrachetic convergence zone, which is located a bit north of the equator. Seasonal shifts of this zone to the north and south in some areas lead to the formation of two precipitation maxima during the year, separated by more dry periods. Daily thousands of thunderstorms rolled over wet tropics. In the intervals between them the sun shines in full force.

Tropical climatic belt - one of two geographic belts The globe. Tropics are located in the northern and southern hemispheres of land between the subequatorial and subtropical belts from 20 to 30 ° C.Sh. and Yu.Sh. Tropical belts capture individual areas on all continents, except Antarctica, including the territory of countries such as Australia, Algeria, Egypt, China, Libya, UAE, Taiwan, Chile, Brazil, Vietnam, Hawaii, Maldives, Oman, Nigeria, Thailand, Dr. Tropical climate has characteristic features over the oceans.

Climatic conditions are formed under the influence of tropical air masses, which are characterized by high atmospheric pressure and resistant anticyclonal circulation of air, low cloudiness, low relative air humidity, by a small amount of annual precipitation. Seasonal temperature changes are pronounced above the continents. Dominant winds are trade winds - permanent winds Eastern direction.

Average annual temperatures

The average annual temperatures warm months Make up 30-35 ° C, the coldest - at least 10 ° C. The maximum temperature was recorded 61 ° C, the minimum is 0 ° C and below. The average annual precipitation ranges from 50 to 200 mm. Only in the eastern-co-ochanic region can fall up to 2000 mm of precipitation per year.

The territory lying in the tropical belt is conditionally divided into four regions:

1. Eastern-prieucan (with high humidity and dominant forest arrays);

2. Eastern transition (with the predominance of shrubs and edge);

3. intramicker;

4. Western-prieucanic (with the predominance of deserts and semi-desert).In the last region there is a high relative humidity With frequent fogs and relatively stable temperatures.

For the areas of the continents located in the tropical belt, it is characterized by a change in natural processes when moving from east to west: It becomes a less abundant layer of flow (from 100 mm to 2-10 mm) and the water content of rivers (the oriental rivers are permanently constantly, Western - periodically).

East prevailing are erosion processes and chemical weathered, west and in the intramatic region - deflation and physical weathering. From the east to the West, the power of the soil cover is reduced, for intramaterial areas and western, desert soils are characterized with primitive composition (gypsum, carbonate, salt marshes), which alternate with sands and crushed stone clusters. Also from East to West types plant communities: Mixed evergreen forests are replaced by monsoon deciduous forests and further savannas or gentlemen, dry forests, thickets of shrubs, semi-deserts and deserts. Accordingly, the composition of the fauna changes - from a variety of forest residents to rare inhabitants of desert regions.

From the east to the west, such zones of the tropical belt on land are distinguished: zone of tropical wet forests, edge zone, savanna zone and dry forests, tropical semi-deserts And deserts. For mountainous areas are characterized by the zone of high-altitude.

Plots of continents with a tropical climate are mastered and populated by a man weakly, except for the eastern regions of the continents. In the Eastern Prieuchaan region, agriculture, forestry, in the Western-prieuchenic and intramicarian region - pasture cattle breeding with sections of irrigated agriculture, as a result of which natural landscapes are almost completely transformed in the process economic activity man.

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Some people suggest that the "tropical climate" refers to the paradise and warm corners of our planet. However, this opinion does not coincide a little with reality, since the word "tropic" in meteorology is determined in a friend. The tropical climate is the climatic characteristics of the tropics; That is from the equator to the tropic of Capricorn in the south and from the equator to the tropic of cancer in the north. The climatic classification of Keppen determines the tropical climate as a non-dry warm climate, in which the average annual air temperature is about 18 ° C.

Unlike subtropical regions that varying degrees Characterized by temperature changes, in the tropical climate, the temperature remains relatively constant throughout the year, as fluctuations for different seasons prevail as a result of precipitation. The tropical climate has only two seasons, which are a dry season and rainy season. Changes in the angle of falling sunlight are small in a tropical climate, where, as a rule, there are no frost. In tropical climatic zone There are various subtypes of the tropical climate, which are based on the amount of precipitation. Below are three main varieties of tropical climates.

Tropical climate with dry winter and rainy summer

Also known as a tropical climate, tropical climate with dry winter and rainy summer Tested a long dry period and fewer annual precipitation. The dry month in this type of tropical climate is obtained less than 60 mm of precipitation, and the average annual precipitation is usually less than 100 mm. The tropical climate Savannan is mainly found in Lagos, Nigeria; Bangalore, India; Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania; Barkisimeto, Venezuela; Darwin, Australia; Honolulu, USA; Fort Myers, Florida; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Kupang, Indonesia and others.

Tropical monsonic climate

The tropical monsonic climate is the type of climate, which is observed in the southern and central regions of America and Southeast Asia, as well as in some parts of Australia and Africa. The tropical monsonic climate is influenced by monsoon winds, which, according to the seasons, change their direction. The most dry month of the tropical monsoon climate comes to either the winter solstice, or shortly after it. Sids usually make up less than 60 mm, but the total annual precipitation exceeds 100 mm. Examples of regions that are experiencing a tropical monsonic climate are Jakarta, Indonesia; Miami, Florida; Abidjan, Côte d "Ivoire; Puerto Ayakucho, Venezuela; Chittagong, Bangladesh; Yangon, Myanmar; Cairns, Australia; Macapa, Brazil and others.

Equatorial climate of tropical rain forests

The climate of tropical rain forests is found in the regions located around the Equatorial region, usually from 5 ° to 10 ° latitude. However, in several eastern coastal areas, this type of climate can extend to more than 26 ° from the equator. The climate of tropical rain forests is mainly characterized by systems low pressureBecause depression prevails in them, while obtaining a uniform amount of precipitation throughout the year. In the rain tropical forests there are no pronounced seasons. All 12 months in this climate have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm. Examples of tropical rain forest places with an equatorial climate include Mbandaka, Congo; Singapore; Klang, Malaysia; Hilo, Hawaii; Innisfeil, Australia; Apia Samoa, Davao, Philippines; Bogor, Indonesia and others.

Exceptions

For various reasons, there are areas in the tropics that do not have a tropical climate; They include alpine and some desert areas. Examples of places without a tropical climate include the Sahara Desert, the southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula and Alpine areas found in the tropics. Similarly, some mountain peaks located in the tropics can be cold, for example, Mount Kenya. However, in the lowlands of tropics, significantly less seasonal fluctuations in temperatures.

Equatorial climatic belt

it occupies the region of the Congo River basin and the Gulf Coast in Africa, the Amazon River pool in South America, the Zonda Islands off the coast of Southeast Asia. Climatic belt break on eastern shores The mainland is explained by the domination of subtropical baric maxima over the oceans. The greatest air flow comes along the equatorial periphery of the baric maxima, he captures the eastern shores of the continents. IN equatorial belt There is a moisturizing of tropical air brought by trade winds. Equatorial air is formed under reduced pressure, weak winds and at high temperatures. The value of total radiation 580-670 kJ / cm 2 per year is slightly lowered due to the large cloudiness and humidity of equatorial latitudes. Radiation balance on the mainland is 330 kJ / cm 2 per year, on the ocean is 420-500 kJ / cm 2 per year.

Equatorial VM is dominated by the Equator all year. The average air temperature ranges from +25 to +28 ○ C, the high relative humidity is maintained, 70-90%. In equatorial latitudes on both sides of the equator, the internal convergence zone is isolated, which is characterized by the convergence of the trade winds of two hemispheres, which causes powerful ascending air flows. But convection develops not only for this reason. The heated air saturated with water vapors rises, condensed, cue-rain clouds are formed, of which rainseed rainfall fall out after noon. In this belt, the annual precipitation exceeds 2000 mm. There are places where the amount of precipitation increases to 5000 mm. High temperature throughout the year and a large amount of precipitation create conditions for development on land of rich vegetation - wet equatorial forests - Guilles (in South America, wet forests are called Selva, in Africa - jungle).

The mainland and oceanic types of the equatorial climate differ slightly.

Climate of the subequatorial belt

it is timed to the huge spaces of Brazilian Highlands, Central Africa (north, east and south of the Congo River Basin), Asia (on the Peninsula of Industan and Indochina), Northern Australia.

The total solar radiation is about 750 kJ / cm 2 per year, the radiation balance 290 kJ / cm 2 per year on land and up to 500 kJ / cm 2 per year on the ocean.

Sub-screen climatic belt is characterized monsoon circulation Air: The air moves from the tropical latitudes of the winter hemisphere as a winter dry monsoon (Passat), after crossing the equator, it is transformed into a summer wet monsoon. Characteristic feature This belt is the change of air masses for the seasons: the equatorial air is dominated in the summer, in the winter - tropical. Two seasons are allocated - wet (summer) and dry (winter). In the summer season, the climate is slightly different from the equatorial: large humidity, abundant precipitation caused by rising equatorial air currents. The total amount of precipitation is 1,500 mm, on the high-wired slopes of the mountains, their amount increases sharply (Cherapundy - 12,660 mm). In the winter season, conditions change dramatically with the arrival of dry tropical air: the hot dry weather is installed, the herbs burn out, trees are discharged by foliage. Inside the continents and on their Western shores, the vegetation cover of the subequatorial belt is represented by the savannas, wet equatorial forests dominate in the eastern shores.

Tropical climatic belt

in the southern hemisphere applies to a solid strip, expanding over the oceans. On the oceans during the year, permanent baric maxima dominate, in which tropical VM are formed. In the northern hemisphere, the tropical belt breaks over indoching and indoors; The rupture of the belt is explained by the fact that the domination of the tropical VM is not observed throughout the year. In the summer, the equatorial air penetrates into the South Asian minimum, in the winter - from the Asian maximum, the moderate (polar) Vm invads.

The annual amount of total radiation on the mainland is 750-849 kJ / cm 2 per year (in the northern hemisphere to 920 kJ / cm 2 per year), on the ocean 670 kJ / cm 2 per year; Radiation balance - 250 kJ / cm 2 per year on the mainland and 330-420 kJ / cm 2 per year on the ocean.

In the tropical climatic belt, tropical VMs are dominated throughout the year, which are distinguished by high temperatures. The average temperature of the warmest month is exceeding +30 ○ C, on certain days the temperature rises to +50 ○ C, and the surface of the earth is heated to +80 ○ C (on the north coast of Africa, the maximum temperature is +58 ○ C). Due to the increased pressure and downward air currents of the condensation of water vapors, it is almost not occurring, so precipitation is very small at most of the tropical belt - less than 250 mm. This causes the formation of the greatest deserts of the world - Sahara and Kalahari in Africa, the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, Australia.

Tropical and subtropical belts - the richest natural zones According to the variety of plant and animal world. Tropical belt is one of the main climatic belts of the planet, and subtropical - one of the transitiones. They are characterized by a rather hot climate, as they are located near the equator. The formation of tropics and subtropics occurs under constant increased pressure of the atmosphere, which leads to the establishment of low clouds and the hottest temperatures compared to the rest of the belts.

Climate

Tropical belt

The tropical belt in its climate shares the natural zones on dry and wet. A distinctive feature of both subzon is considered constant strong dry wind-trade winds, which breathing along the equator.

Dry tropics have a sufficiently hot dry climate. The average temperature of the warmest months reaches + 30 - +35 degrees, and the coldest never falls below +10 degrees. High atmosphere pressure He led to the fact that in the territory of this natural zone there is extremely low clouds, there is little precipitation, up to 200 mm per year.

Wet portions of tropics are distinguished by the loss of a large amount of precipitation reaching up to 7000 mm per year. The climate is the same hot, as in dry.

Subtropical belt

The subtropical belt is located immediately after tropical. This zone scientists are separated depending on the amount of precipitation dropped on the wet and the floor wet. In summer, the average temperature of the subtropical belt reaches 20-25 degrees of heat, and in winter - not lower than 5 degrees of heat.

The natural zones of the subtropical belt are found on many continents of our planet. This led to a large number of climate types of this natural zone. Perhaps it is the subtropical belt that boasts a variety of these conditions. By type of climate, the zone described is divided:

• The Mediterranean climate with the characteristic winter abundant moisture;
• Continental climate with pretty poor moisture;
• Musson climate with abundant moisture in the summer

Natural zones

Tropical belt

The tropical belt is familiar to the following natural zones from the east to the West:

• Zone of wet rainforests;
• Rapping zone;
• Zone of dry forests and hot savannas;
• Tropical semi-desert zone and deserts.

As a rule, a person settled a little all zones, with the exception of some areas of eastern sites.

Subtropical belt

The zones of the tropical belt are more diverse, as their individual sections are found at each mainland. On the western part of the coastal coast, they are as follows:

• Tighted forests;
• Subtropical steppes;
• Subtropical semi-deserts and deserts;

Southern Hemisphere Deep on the Continent "hides" zones:

• Subtropical steppes;
• East - short forest subtropics;
• In high regions - subtropical evergreen forests.

Vegetable world

Tropical belt

The tropical belt due to its favorable location can boast a rich floral world. It is in this natural zone that employs more than 75% of all the Flora representatives on Earth.

Swampy forests

In the swamps of the tropical forest there is a strong depletion of soil with oxygen, which is why species composition Plants here are meager. All representatives of the flora have an external root systemallowing to obtain enough oxygen. Usually this type wet forest It is formed in wetlands and is characterized by a slight variety of species.

Mangra

Mangrove forests grow in coastal areas or in areas with a temperate climatic belt, the prerequisite for everyone is access to warm currents. Here you can see, as if by levels, plants:

• Rizophores;
• Avizennia;
• Brugriy Cocorps;
• Ceriopsy;
• Egietrace;
• On the border with the forest - Palm Nipia.

Crowns of the Mangrove Forest trees are very tight, so the light through them almost does not go to the lower tiers. Almost all litter of the forest occupy walker rootsimperative promotion.

Mountain forest

Such forests grow at an altitude of a more kilometer. Because of the abundant precipitation, the fog is strongly condensed here. The forest is formed by two poorly formed tiers:

• Upper - woody. It is represented by tree ferns, magnolias, camellias, evergreen oaks-giants, rhododendons.
• Nizhny tier herbal. Presented with mshami and lichens, ferns, teen trees and herbs.
• There is an extra-Russian vegetation: lianas and moss-epiphytes.

Seasonal forests

Seasonal forests get less precipitation during certain months. On the foliage of the forest discarded in the drought, they divide on:

• Evergreen forests (for example, eucalyptus);
• Holdership (the upper tier resets the foliage, and the lower - no);
• Rewrked are represented by one type.

By location in the climatic belt:

• Monsoon: laurel, sugar cane, annual herbs, lianas and epiphytes;
• Savannovy: palm trees, bottled trees, cacti, mochary and herbs;
• Spiky Cerophilic: legumes (acacia and mimovose), thin lyans and herbaceous cereals;

Subtropical belt

Tighted forests are located in the Mediterranean climate, usually represented:

• On the upper tier: oak, olive tree, cedar and pine black;
• On the second: strawberry tree, samshet and phillion;
• On Lower: herbs and mosses.

The monsoon mixed forest is formed by evergreen oak (and other representatives of beech), magnolias, pines, laurels, fir, camellias, palm trees and lianas. Closer to the equator, the species composition is significantly impoverished.

Evergreen (hemigilee) from their tropical neighbors are distinguished by a smaller variety of species. Vegetable world It is represented by tree ferns, evergreen oaks, camellias and camphor lavrom. There are bamboo bamboo among herbaceous.

Animal world

Tropical belt

By the number of animal living animals, tropical forests exceed almost all other natural zones. Animals here usually live in the crowns of high trees. Among the mammals of the tropical belt are: proteins - flying, hippo, elephants, rhinos, palm squirrels, many types of monkeys (spider monkey, root, toys), sloth, tapir, wood dictations,
Sandy proteins, leopards, tiger, hedgehogs, Ogapi, Lemur Laurie.

Among the amphibians are a huge variety of frogs (bright supergrowers), toad-pips, worms and quacs.

Subtropical belt

The fauna of the subtropical belt is represented by the types of tropics and moderate belt. The previous animals are added: mouflon, noble deer, lan, ferret, fox, jackal, otter, championship, shoe and black stuffed.

The subtropical and tropical belt differ in the rich vegetable and animal world, possess a comfortable warm climate.