Continental climate. Moderate Continental Climate: Characteristics, Vegetable and Animal World Climate Continental

The continental climate, the type of climate, which is formed under the conditions of the prevailing effect on the atmosphere during the year of large sushi massifs, i.e., in those parts of the mainland and in the coastal areas of the oceans, where the air masses of continental origin are dominated during the entire year. Particularly characteristic of Asia and North America. The continentality of the climate is determined by the large daily and annual (hot summer and cold winter) The values \u200b\u200bof the amplitude of the air temperature significantly exceeding those observed over the oceans on the same geographic latitude. The continental climate is also peculiar to the large variability of the anomalies of meteorological values \u200b\u200bfor different time intervals, reduced values relative humidity, clouds day and in summer months, unevenness in the fallout of precipitation in all seasons, as well as the overall increase in the annual amplitude of the air temperature, the decrease in the amount of precipitation and the average wind speed is deep into the mainland.

To assess the continentality of the climate of the geographic region, continentality indices (K) developed by a number of scientists are used. According to L. Gorkynsky, to GR \u003d (1,7A / SIN F) - 20.4 (where a - annual amplitude of air temperature in ° C, F - geographical latitude in degrees); According to S. P. Chromova, to XP \u003d A-5.4SIN F / a. Continental indexes are usually expressed as a percentage; For example, for the extreme West of Europe, the XP varies from 50 to 75%, for the central and north East Asia, inland areas of North America to XP over 90%, for small areas within Central Australia, the northern parts of Africa and South America also reaches 90%.

The continental climate in Russia varies from moderately continental on the European part to a sharp continental in Eastern Siberia. The most severe continental climate in Russia is characteristic of Yakutia, in Yakutsk, the average monthly air temperature in July 19 ° C, in January -43 ° C, the annual precipitation amount is 190 mm. In temperate I. high latoms The continentality of the climate is greater extent depends on the decrease in the values \u200b\u200bof winter air temperature, and in tropical - from the increase in summer. A special kind of continental climate is a climate of mountain areas in moderate latitudes, where the temperature regime and the number atmospheric oyphans Very diverse, depend on the height above sea level, exposure of slopes and other relief features.

Lit.: Vyvetsky G. N. Climates of Foreign Asia. M., 1960; Movie N. A. Climate of the USSR. M., 1983; Climatology / Edited by O. A. Drozdova, N. V. Kobysheva. L., 1989; Chromov S. P., Petrosanz M. A. Meteorology and climatology. 7th ed. M., 2006; Sorokina V. N., Ghushchina D. Yu. Climatology. Climate geography. M., 2006.

A moderate continental climate is formed only in the northern hemisphere. This climate is characteristic both for the east and for the eastern mountain ranges of Yakutia and the Magadan region. He is most pronounced and. IN mountain ridges Separate the narrow west coast with marine from intramatography areas with a continental climate. Unlike North America, Europe is open to free penetration of sea air with. This contributes not only to dominant in moderate latitudes of air masses from the West, but also the relief, the strong slication of coarse and deeply walking into the land and, and their bays. As the Atlantic air is moving deep into the mainland, it turns into continental, and the climate becomes severe. In January, the temperature: 0 °, in Warsaw -3 °, in Moscow -1 g, in -19 ° C.

IN winter months There is a cooling of the earth's surface and air, which is the cause of the formation of the Asian (Siberian) anticyclone, when the air is cooled on average to -30, -40 ° C. Asian covers all Eastern and Western Siberia, and at times it spreads to Southeast Europe, therefore even in January is -3 ° C, i.e., as in Warsaw, which is located 1000 km north.

Due to the smaller sizes of North America and frequent passage, the Winter Canadian Anticyclone is less resistant compared to Asian. The winter is less severe here, and the severity of the winters does not increase to the center of the mainland, as in Asia, and even slightly decreases due to frequent tropical air intrusions from the bay. Frequent winter cyclones lead to sudden temperature fluctuations, especially in the north of Europe, and. For example, in Moscow in January, it may change over a few days by more than 10 °. Thaws can be replaced by strong frosts (up to -30 ° and lower). In winter, the precipitate falls in the form of snow and is installed, which protects against deep frills and creates moisture supply in the spring. Sustained formed to the east of, and its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the eastern regions of Europe and Western Siberia..

In the summer, like in the winter, marine moderate air penetrates, but at this time of year it is colder than air, which in front of it was on the mainland. In addition, in summer, the Arctic air comes from the north. However, a large amount of solar heat in the summer quickly heats the cold Eurasia cold, which turn into warm continental. Summer is usually warm, average monthly temperature in July in Berlin + 18.3 °; in Warsaw + 19 °; in Moscow + 18.1 °; in Novosibirsk + 18.7 °; Over the whole of Eurasia - from + 16 to + 22 ° C. Annual varies from 300 to 800 mm, on wind-out slopes - more than 2000 mm. Most of them falls in summer. In Eurasia, the amount of precipitation decreases from the west to the East, in North America - on the contrary. In the south-east of Europe and in the southern areas of Asia's belt, where less than 400 mm drops, the possible evaporation exceeds the precipitation and natural moisturizing is insufficient. Drought often arise here.

Climate - This is a long-term weather mode characteristic of a particular area. It is manifested in a natural change of all weather types observed in this area.

The climate has an impact on living and non-resident nature. In close dependence on the climate there are water bodies, soil, vegetation, animals. Separate sectors of the economy, first of all agricultureAlso very depend on climate.

The climate is formed as a result of the interaction of many factors: the amount of solar radiation coming to the earth's surface; Circulation of the atmosphere; The nature of the underlying surface. In this case, climate-forming factors themselves depend on the geographical conditions of the locality, primarily from geographic latitude.

The geographical latitude of the area determines the angle of falling the sun's rays, obtaining a certain amount of heat. However, getting heat from the Sun depends on nearby Ocean. In places located away from the oceans, the precipitation falls a bit, and the mode of their loss is distinguished by unevenness (in the warm period more than in cold), cloudiness is low, winter cold, summer is warm, the annual temperature amplitude is large. This climate is called continental, as it is typical for places located in the depths of the continents. Over the aqueous surface, the marine climate is formed, for which the smooth flow of air temperature, with small daily and annual temperature amplitudes, a large cloudiness, uniform and sufficiently large amount of atmospheric precipitation.

Great influence on climate and sea currents. Warm currents warm the atmosphere in areas where they proceed. For example, the warm north-Atlantic flow creates favorable conditions for the growth of forests in the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, while most of the island of Greenland, lying around the same latitudes as the Scandinavian peninsula, but outside the zone of influence warm current, round year covered with a thick layer of ice.

A large role in climate formation belongs relief. You already know that with lifting terrain for each kilometer, the air temperature is reduced by 5-6 ° C. Therefore, on the high-mountain slopes of the Pamirs, the average annual temperature is 1 ° C, although it is slightly north of the tropic.

The location of the mountain ranges has a great influence on the climate. For example, Caucasian Mountains The wet sea winds are delayed, and on their wind-out slopes, addressed to the Black Sea, drops significantly more precipitation than on led. At the same time, the mountains serve an obstacle to the cold northern winds.

The dependence of the climate and from dominant winds. On the territory of the East European Plain, over the entire total of the year dominated western windsComing from the Atlantic Ocean, so winter on this territory is relatively soft.

Areas Far East are under the action of monsoons. In winter, winds from the depths of the mainland are constantly blowing. They are cold and very dry, so there are little precipitation. In the summer, on the contrary, the winds bring a lot of moisture from the Pacific. In the fall, when the wind from the ocean subsides, the weather is usually solar, quiet. it best time years in this area.

Climatic characteristics are statistical conclusions from perennial rows of weather observations (in moderate latitudes, 25-50-year-old rows are used; in the tropics, their duration may be less), primarily above the following main meteorological elements: atmospheric pressure, speed and direction of wind, temperature and air humidity, cloudiness and atmospheric precipitation. Also, the duration of solar radiation, visibility range, temperature of the upper layers of soil and water bodies, evaporation of water from the earth's surface into the atmosphere, height and state of snow cover, various atmospheric phenomena and terrestrial hydrometeors (dew, ice, fog, thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.). In the XX century The number of climatic indicators included the characteristics of the elements of the heat balance of the earth's surface, such as the total solar radiation, the radiation balance, the heat exchange magnitude between the earth's surface and the atmosphere, the cost of heat to evaporation. Comprehensive indicators are also used, i.e. the functions of several elements: various coefficients, factors, indices (for example, continentality, dryness, moisturizing), etc.

Climatic belts

Perennial averages of meteorological elements (annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, etc.), their sums, repeatability, etc. are called climatic standards: Appropriate values \u200b\u200bfor individual days, months, years, etc. are considered to be a deviation from these norms.

Cards with climate indicators are called climatic (Temperature distribution map, pressure distribution map, etc.).

Depending on the temperature conditions, the prevailing air masses and winds allocate climatic belts.

The main climatic belts are:

• equatorial;
• two tropical;
• two moderate;
• arctic and Antarctic.

Between the main belts are transitional climatic belts: subequatorial, subtropical, subarctic, subnutrctic. IN transition belts Air masses are changing over the seasons. They come here from adjacent belts, so the climate of the sub equatorial belt In the summer, it is similar to the climate of the equatorial belt, and in the winter - with a climate of tropical; The climate of subtropical belts in the summer is similar to a climate of tropical, and in winter - with a climate of moderate belts. This is due to the seasonal movement over the globe of the beans of atmospheric pressure after the Sun: in the summer - to the north, in the winter - to the south.

Climatic belts are divided into climatic regions. For example, in the tropical belt, Africa allocate areas of tropical dry and tropical wet climateAnd in Eurasia, the subtropical belt is divided into the field of Mediterranean, continental and monsoon climate. In the mountainous areas, a high-rise explanancy is formed due to the fact that with a height temperature drops.

Variety of land climates

Climate classification gives an ordered system to characterize climate types, their zoning and mapping. We give examples of climate types prevailing in extensive territories (Table 1).

Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts

Antarctic and Arctic climate dominates in Greenland and Antarctica, where average monthly temperatures are below ° C. In the dark winter time years these regions do not receive solar radiation at all, although there are twilight and polar Siands. Even in the summer, the sun rays fall on the ground surface at a low angle, which reduces the effectiveness of the warm-up. Most of the suitable solar radiation is reflected in ice. Low temperatures are dominated by both in summer and in winter in the sublime areas of the Antarctic Ice Cover. The climate of the internal areas of Antarctica is much colder than the climate of the Arctic, since the southern mainland is distinguished by large size and altitudes, and the northern Arctic Ocean softens the climate, despite wide use Pack ice. In the summer during short warming drifting ice sometimes melts. The sediments on the glacial seals fall out in the form of snow or small particles of the ice fog. The internal areas receive only 50-125 mm precipitation every year, but on the coast can fall out more than 500 mm. Sometimes cyclones bring cloudiness and snow to these areas. Snowfalls are often accompanied by strong windsthat carry significant snow masses by blowing it off from the skate. Strong Stock Winds with snowstorms blowing with cold glacial spits, pulling out snow on the coast.

Table 1. Earth climates

Climate type	Clima-tic	Medium-nai pace, ° С		Mode and the number of atmospheric precipitation, mm	Circulation of the atmosphere	Territory
Equatorial	Equatorial			During a year. 2000.	In the region of low atmospheric pressure, warm and wet equatorial air masses are formed	Equatorial areas of Africa, South America and Oceania
Tropical monsoon	Subaurva-Torial			Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 2000		South and Southeast Asia, Western and Central Africa, North Australia
Tropical Dry	Tropical			During the year, 200		North Africa, Central Australia
Mediterranean	Subtropical			Advantageous in winter, 500	In summer - anticyclones at high atmospheric pressure; Winter - cyclonic activity	Mediterranean, South Coast of Crimea, South Africa, Southwestern Australia, Western California
Subtropical dry	Subtropical			During a year. 120.	Dry continental air masses	Internal parts of the mainland
Moderate marine	Moderate			During a year. 1000.	Western winds	Western parts of Eurasia and North America
Moderate continental	Moderate			During a year. 400.	Western winds	Internal parts of the mainland
Moody monsoon	Moderate			Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 560		Eastern outdoor Eurasia
Subarctic	Subarctic			During the year, 200	Cyclones prevail	Northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America
Arctic (Antarctic)	Arctic (Antark-tichetic)			During the year, 100	Anticyclones prevail	North water area Arctic Ocean And mainland Australia

Subarctic continental climate Forms in the north of the mainland (see climatic map Atlas). In winter, the Arctic air is dominated here, which is formed in areas high pressure. The Arctic air applies to the Eastern regions of Canada.

Continental subrctic climate In Asia, it is characterized by the largest air balloon amplitude (60-65 ° C). The continentality of the climate reaches the limit value here.

average temperature In January, it changes around the territory from -28 to -50 ° C, and in lowlands and basins due to the caution of air its temperature is lower. In Oymyakone (Yakutia) recorded for the northern hemisphere Negative air temperature (-71 ° C). The air is very dry.

Summer B. subarctic belt Although the short, but rather warm. The average monthly temperature in July ranges from 12 to 18 ° C (daily maximum - 20-25 ° C). Over the summer, more than half of the annual amount of precipitation makes up in the flat territory of 200-300 mm, and on the windward slopes of elevations - up to 500 mm per year.

The climate of the subarctic belt of North America is less continentile compared to the corresponding climate of Asia. There is less cold winter and colder summer.

Moderate climatic belt

Moderate climate of Western coasts of continents It has pronounced marks of the sea climate and is characterized by the predominance of marine air masses throughout the year. It is observed on the Atlantic Coast of Europe and the Pacific Coast of North America. Cordillera are the natural border separating the coast with the sea type of climate from the incontinental districts. The European coast, except Scandinavia, is open to free access of marine moderate air.

The permanent transfer of sea air is accompanied by a large cloudiness and causes protracted spring, in contrast to inside the continental regions of Eurasia.

Winter B. moderate belt Western coasts warm. Ocean's sweeping influence is intensified with warm sea currents, washing western shores continents. The average temperature in January is positive and varies around the territory from north to south from 0 to 6 ° C. When invasion of arctic air, it can be reduced (on the Scandinavian coast up to -25 ° C, and in French - to -17 ° C). During the spread of tropical air to the north, the temperature sharply rises (for example, it often reaches 10 ° C). In winter, large positive deviations of the temperature from the medium latitudinal (20 ° C) are noted on the West Coast of Scandinavia. The temperature anomaly on the Pacific Coast of North America is less and is not more than 12 ° C.

Summer is rarely hot. The average temperature in July is 15-16 ° C.

Even during the day the air temperature rarely exceeds 30 ° C. Because of frequent cyclones, for all seasons, cloudy and rainy weather is characterized. Especially many cloudy days It happens on the west coast of North America, where the Cordiller cyclones are forced to slow down their movement in front of mountain systems. In connection with this, the big monotony is characterized by weather in the south of Alaska, where there are no time in our understanding. There is an eternal autumn, and about the occurrence of winter or summer resemble only plants. The annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountain ranges - from 2000 to 6000 mm.

In conditions of sufficient moisturizing on the coasts developed wide forests, and in excessive - coniferous conditions. The lack of summer heat reduces the top border of the forest in the mountains up to 500-700 m above sea level.

Moderate climate of eastern coasts of continents It has monsoon features and is accompanied by a seasonal change of winds: the North-Western flows prevailed in the summer - southeast. It is well expressed on the east coast of Eurasia.

In winter, a cold continental moderate air is distributed with the northwestern wind on the mainland coast, which is the cause of the low average temperature of the winter months (from -20 to -25 ° C). Clear, dry, windy weather prevailing. In the southern regions of the coast of precipitation little. The North of the Amur region, Sakhalin and Kamchatka often fall under the influence of cyclones moving over the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, in winter there is a powerful snow cover, especially in Kamchatka, where its maximum height reaches 2 m.

In summer, the south-eastern wind on the coast of Eurasia is distributed by sea temperate air. Summer is warm, with the average temperatures of July from 14 to 18 ° C. Frequent precipitation, which are due to cyclonic activities. Their annual amount is 600-1000 mm, and most of the part falls in summer. At this time of year, fogs are frequent.

Unlike Eurasia, the East Coast of North America is characterized by sea features of the climate, which are expressed in the predominance of winter precipitation and the sea type of the annual movement of air temperature: the minimum occurs in February, and the maximum in August, when the ocean is warm.

Canadian Anticyclone, in contrast to Asian, unstable. It is formed away from the coast and is often interrupted by cyclones. Winter here is soft, multiserry, raw and windy. In the snowy winters, the height of the snowdrifts reaches 2.5 m. With southern wind It is often an ice. Therefore, some streets of individual cities in the east of Canada have iron railing for pedestrians. Summer cool and rainy. Annual precipitation - 1000 mm.

Moderate continental climate The most distinctly expressed in the Eurasian mainland, especially in the districts of Siberia, Transbaikalia, the North of Mongolia, as well as on the territory of the Great Plains in North America.

A feature of a moderate continental climate is a large annual amplitude of air temperature, which can reach 50-60 ° C. In the winter months, with a negative radiation balance, the earth's surface is injected. A particularly large cooling effect of the surface of the sushi on the surface layers of air in Asia, where a powerful Asian anticyclone is formed in winter and the weighted, windless weather prevails. Moderate continental air generating in the anticyclone region has low temperature (-0 ° ...- 40 ° C). In the valleys and hollows due to radiation intagnese, the air temperature may decrease to -60 ° C.

In the middle of winter, the continental air in the lower layers becomes even colder than the Arctic. This very cold air of Asian Anticyclone spreads to Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, southeastern areas of Europe.

Winter Canadian anticyclone compared to Asian anticyclone is less stable due to the smaller sizes of the North American mainland. The winter is less severe here, and their severity does not increase to the center of the mainland, as in Asia, but, on the contrary, somewhat decreases due to the frequent passage of cyclones. Continental moderate air in North America has a higher temperature than continental moderate air in Asia.

On the formation of a continental moderate climate significant influence Remote geographical features of the territory territory. In North America, the Cordiller Mountain Ridges are a natural border separating the coast with the sea climate from inside the mainland areas with a continental climate. In Eurasia, a moderate continental climate is formed on the huge Sushi space, from about 20 to 120 ° C. D. Unlike North America Europe is open to free penetration of sea air from the Atlantic deep into the inner areas. This contributes not only to the western transfer of air masses, prevailing in moderate latitudes, but also the plain nature of the relief, the strong stencil of coasts and deep penetration into the land of the Baltic and Northern Moreley. Therefore, a moderate climate of less continentality is formed over Europe compared to Asia.

In winter, the sea atlantic air moved over the cold surface of the sushi moderate europeous latitudes, long retains its physical properties, and its effects extends to the whole of Europe. In winter, as the atlantic effect is weakened, the air temperature from the west is east. In Berlin, it is in January 0 ° C, in Warsaw -3 ° C, in Moscow -11 ° C. At the same time, isotherms over Europe have a meridional orientation.

Eurasia and North America's conversation with a wide front to the Arctic basin contributes to deep penetration on the mainland of cold air masses throughout the year. The intensive meridional transfer of air masses is especially characteristic of North America, where often the Arctic and tropical air is replaced by each other.

The tropical air entering the plains of North America with southern cyclones is also slowly transformed due to the high speed of its movement, large moisture content and solid low cloudiness.

In winter, the consequence of intense meridional circulation of air masses is the so-called "racing" of temperatures, their large cross-day amplitude, especially in areas where cyclones are frequent: in the north of Europe and Western Siberia, the great plains of North America.

In the cold period, snow cover is falling out in the form of snow, the snow cover is formed, which protects the soil from deep freezing and creates moisture supply in the spring. The height of the snow cover depends on the duration of its location and the number of drop-down precipitation. In Europe, the steady snow cover on the flat territory is formed east of Warsaw, its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the northeastern regions of Europe and Western Siberia. In the center of the Russian Plain, the height of the snow cover is 30-35 cm, and in Transbaikalier - less than 20 cm. On the plains of Mongolia, in the center of the anticyclonic region, snow cover is formed only in some years. Lack of snow along with a low winter air temperature determines the presence of many years of permissal, which is no longer observed anywhere on the globe under these latimes.

In North America on the great plains, snow cover is insignificant. To the east of the plains in the front-end processes, the tropical air begins to take part, it aggravates the frontal processes, which causes abundant snowfall. In the Montreal area, snow cover is held up to four months, and its height reaches 90 cm.

Summer in the continental regions of Eurasia is warm. The average temperature of July is 18-22 ° C. In the arid areas of the south-east of Europe and Central Asia, the average air temperature in July reaches 24-28 ° C.

In North America, continental air is somewhat colder than in Asia and Europe. This is due to the smaller length of the mainland by latitude, the large slication of its northern part of the bays and fjords, the abundance of large lakes and more intensely intensive in the internal areas of Eurasia by the development of cyclonic activities.

In a moderate belt, the annual precipitation on the flat territory of the mainland changes from 300 to 800 mm, on the alps of the alps, the Alps drops over 2,000 mm. Most of the precipitation falls in summer, which is primarily due to the increase in air moisture content. Eurasia has a decrease in precipitation in the territory from the west to the East. In addition, the amount of precipitation decreases from the north to the south due to a decrease in the repeatability of cyclones and an increase in air dryness in this direction. In North America, the decrease in precipitation on the territory is noted, on the contrary, towards the West. What do you think why?

Most of the sushi in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental temperate climate is occupied by mountain systems. These are the Alps, Carpathians, Altai, Sayan, Cordillera, Rocky Mountains, etc. mountainous areas Climatic conditions differ significantly from the plains climate. In summer, the air temperature in the mountains quickly drops with a height. In winter, at the invasion of cold air masses, the air temperature on the plains is often lower than in the mountains.

Great influence on precipitation. The precipitation increases on the winding slopes and at some distance in front of them, and on the leeward - weaken. For example, differences in the annual precipitation between the Western and Eastern slopes of the Ural mountains are 300 mm. In the mountains with a height of precipitation increase to a certain critical level. Alps Level the greatest number The precipitation falls at a height of about 2000 m, in the Caucasus - 2500 m.

Subtropical climatic belt

Continental subtropical climate Determined by the seasonal change of moderate and tropical air. The average temperature of the coldest month in Central Asia places below zero, in the north-east of China -5 ...- 10 ° C. The average temperature of the warmest month is in the range of 25-30 ° C, while the daytime maxima may exceed 40-45 ° C.

The most strongly continentality of the climate in the air temperature mode is manifested in the southern regions of Mongolia and in the north of China, where in the winter season there is a center of Asian Anticyclone. Here, the annual amplitude of the air temperature is 35-40 ° C.

Sharply continental climate in subtropical belt For high-altitude areas of the Pamir and Tibet, the height of which is 3.5-4 km. The climate of the Pamirs and Tibet is characterized cold winter, cool summer and a small amount of precipitation.

In North America, a continental arid subtropical climate is formed in closed plateau and in the intermoreflakes located between the coast and rocky ridges. Summer roast and dry, especially in the south, where the average July temperature is above 30 ° C. The absolute maximum temperature can reach 50 ° C and higher. The temperature of +56.7 ° C was registered in the death valley!

Wet subtropical climates It is characteristic of the eastern coasts of the continents to the north and south of the tropics. The main areas of distribution - southeast of the United States, some southeastern areas of Europe, North India and Myanmar, East China and South Japan, Northeast Argentina, Uruguay and South Brazil, Natal Province coast in South Africa and the east coast of Australia. Summer in wet subtropics prolonged and roast, with the same temperatures as in the tropics. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds +27 ° C, and the maximum +38 ° C. Winters are soft, with average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, but random freezers have a destructive effect on plantation of vegetable and citrus. In wet subtropics, the average annual amounts of precipitation range from 750 to 2000 mm, the distribution of precipitation for the seasons is quite uniform. In winter, rain and rare snowfall are brought mainly by cyclones. In summer, the sediments fall mainly in the form of thunderstorms associated with powerful incidents of warm and wet ocean air, characteristic of the monsoon circulation of East Asia. Hurricanes (or typhoons) are manifested at the end of summer and in the fall, especially in the northern hemisphere.

Subtropical climate With a dry summer, typical for Western coasts of continents north and south of the tropics. In southern Europe and North Africa Such climatic conditions are characteristic of coast Mediterranean Seathat served as a reason to call this climate also mediterranean. A similar climate in Southern California, the central regions of Chile, in the South Africa and in a number of districts in the south of Australia. In all these areas, hot summer and mild winters. As in wet subtropics, frost occasionally occasionally. In the inner areas in the summer, temperatures are significantly higher than on the coasts, and often the same as in tropical deserts. In general, clear weather prevails. In the summer on the coasts under which the ocean flows are passing, there are often fogs. For example, in San Francisco Summer is cool, foggy, and the most warm month - September. Maximum precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones in winter, when the prevailing air flows are mixed towards the equator. The effect of anticyclones and descending air flows over the oceans determine the dryness of the summer season. The average annual precipitation in the conditions of the subtropical climate ranges from 380 to 900 mm and reaches maximum values \u200b\u200bon the coasts and slopes of the mountains. In the summer, precipitation is usually lacking for normal growth trees, and therefore there is a specific type of evergreen shrub vegetation, known as McWis, Chaparal, Mal and Maccia and Finbosh.

Equatorial climatic belt

Equatorial type of climate Distributed in the Equatorial latitudes in Amazon's pools in South America and Congo in Africa, on Malakka and the Islands of Southeast Asia. Usually the average annual temperature is about +26 ° C. Due to the high midday standing of the sun over the horizon and the same duration of the day throughout the year, seasonal temperature fluctuations are small. Wet airCloudy and thick vegetation intercoms prevent night-in cooling and maintain maximum daily temperatures below +37 ° C, lower than in higher latitudes. The average annual rainfall in wet tropics ranges from 1500 to 3000 mm and they are divided into seasons usually uniformly. The precipitates are mainly associated with the intrachetic convergence zone, which is located a bit north of the equator. Seasonal shifts of this zone to the north and south in some areas lead to the formation of two precipitation maxima during the year, separated by more dry periods. Daily thousands of thunderstorms rolled over wet tropics. In the intervals between them the sun shines in full force.

The impressive part of Europe lives in a temperate continental climate. His uniqueness in the presence of only one hemisphere - North. What features are moderately continental, which animals and plants are characteristic of it? It is completely easy to figure it out.

Key Features

A moderate continental climate is located only in the northern hemisphere. It is characteristic of both the Cordiller area and Central Europe. The moderate continental climate of Russia is manifested in Yakutia, Magadan region, in Siberia and Transbaikalia. Moving deep into the mainland, the air loses moisture, making the climate more severe. Therefore, the more distant from the sea or the ocean, the location has a region, the stronger the continentality of the climate will be manifested.

Winter months

A moderate continental climate is distinguished by a pronounced seasonality. The main seasons - summer and winter - it is worth considering separately. In the cold season, the earth's surface and the atmosphere cooled, leading to the emergence of the Asian anticyclone. It applies to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, and sometimes it comes to Southeast Europe. As a result, it happens saw Winter With strong air fluctuations within just a few days, when the thaw sharply goes into the frost to minus thirty. The view of snow, which is steadily maintained in the fields east of Warsaw. Maximum height Pokrov can reach ninety centimeters - such drifts are in Western Siberia. A large amount of snow protects the soil from the freezing and provides its moisture when spring occurs.

Summer months

A moderate continental climate of Russia and Eastern Europe is characterized by a fairly fast onset of summer. Increasing amount of solar heat warms incoming to the mainland from the ocean. The average monthly temperatures of July make up a little less than twenty degrees. Annual rainfall, most of which have to summer periodIt constitutes in these regions from three hundred and eight hundred millimeters. The quantity changes only on the slopes of the Alps. There, precipitation can be more than two thousand millimeters. It is worth noting the decrease in their number in the direction from the West to the East. In North America, the situation is inversely proportional. In the Asian districts, evaporation exceeds natural precipitation and drought may occur.

Features of vegetation

Moderate continental climate is distinguished by deciduous forests. They add up of two tiers - trees and shrubs. Grassy cover is distinguished by a large number of species than other options for flora. In addition, it is also divided into several tiers. Forests are distinguished by branchedness with a thick crown. Seasons do not contribute to year-round vegetation. Drop leaves are simple, gear or blade, thin and not able to carry neither drought, nor frost. The moderately continental climate of the moderate belt may differ both wide and fine breeds. To the first one can include ash, maples, oaks, limes, elms. Second - aspen, alder and birch.

In addition, the forest can be divided into such species as monotomic and polydominant. The first is characteristic of Europe - there is a concrete view. The second is found in Asia, North America and Chile: The forest consists of a set different breeds. In warm fields among deciduous trees There are evergreens, as well as lianas - grapes, legumes, hurious or esshelets. Despite the annual foaming of the leaves, the forests of these zones are distinguished by a weak bedding: a temperate continental climate contributes to its rapid decomposition. It creates excellent conditions for bacteria and earthworms. At the same time, the layer of foliage becomes an obstacle for MCH, which grows in such a forest only at the roots of trees and on the places protruding from the soil. Earth in this climate is podzolic, brown, carbonate or gley.

Characteristic animals

The fauna of the continental climate is located in the forests very homogeneously. This is a combination of wood, terrestrial, herbalous, predatory animals. In the zones of deciduous forests, there are a lot of amphibians and reptiles - here they are twice as much as in the tundra. The abundance of light, thick undergrings, lush herbs become excellent conditions for different animals. There are beasts that feed on seeds and nuts - rodents, proteins, birds are numerous, such as black stuffing, Western nightingaws, small charges, big titles, Lazorovka. Almost in every forest you can find a champion and green, and the ivzh, and in the deaf corners - and the forest pigeon. Larger animals are represented by mountainous, badgers, wolves, foxes, lysy and bears. They live throughout Europe and the large area of \u200b\u200bAsia. In deserted corners there are unique species - wild cats, forest cunits, ferrets. Veliko Presence of herbivores - Razubray, there are bison and sulfur.

Most of Russia is in the zone of moderate climatic belt. At the same time, seasons have clear boundaries, and solar activity varies significantly by month. The temperature modes of winter and summer are brightly opposed. The most extensive climatic belt country for meteorological amenities is divided into four sections: continental, moderately continental, sharply continental and monsoon.

Climate of the moderate belt of Russia

In our country temperate zone Located between the 40th and 65th parallels. When moving from west to east, the average annual precipitation and temperature modes of moderate latitudes are differentiated.

(Map scheme of climatic belts of Russia)

The main trait uniting this territory is a pronounced division of the year for four alternating season. The entire area of \u200b\u200bthe climatic belt is subject to the action of moderate air masses, the humidity of which is raised, and atmosphere pressure Reduced. The average winter temperature is -7 - -12 o C, in summer the air warms up on average to +15 - +20 o C.

IN comparative table Middle data over the past 10 years of observations of the temperature regime in various climatic zones of the moderate belt are presented.

Middle temperature, about with

January

February

March

April

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Continental climate

Khanty-Mansiysk

Omsk

Moderate continental climate

Moscow

Kazan

Sharply continental climate

Chita

Ulan-Ude

Monsonic climate

Blagoveshchensk

Birobidzhan

Continental

The continental climate of moderate latitudes dominates in Western Siberia. Continental air masses are controlled by the weather in this area. Cold Arctic flows move from north to south, and tropical air masses are moving to the most northern sections of forest belts. Under such actions, the winds in the north drops around 600mm of precipitation, and in the southern regions less than 400mm.

Moderately continental

The most stable type of temperate climate is moderately continental. In our country, it is presented in the European part. Distinctive signs of such climatic zone There are significant remoteness from the seas and oceans, small cloudiness, high wind speed. The formation of weather conditions has a significant impact of the Atlantic air masses of high humidity. In winter, they are relatively warm, and in the summer - cool.

Heterogeneity natural zones (from taiga to steppe) defines various moisturizes of territories. In the north and northwest of the site, excessive moisture indicators are noted, and the eastern and southeastern borders are characterized by insufficient moisture.

Coppie-continental

A sharp-continental moderate climate is found in areas of significantly remote from the oceans. In Russia, he is inherent in Eastern Siberia. In the summer months, the air is warmed enough, a large amount of precipitation falls. Winter Strong, with frequent frosts. With severe frosts, a small amount of snow falls out, so the soil is deeply moderated, and in some northern parts, the zones of permafrost are preserved.

Monsoon continental

The monsonic climate is distributed in the southern regions of the Far East. A feature of this type of climate is the strong dependence of weather conditions from the circulation of monsoon (seasonal winds). In winter, when the mainland is cooled, and the atmospheric pressure rises, the dry cool air moves towards the ocean. In the summer, the opposite, due to the heating of the mainland, the air masses from the ocean are moved to land, carrying a cooling and abundance of precipitation.