What is covered by regulated recreational use. The territory of regulated recreational use
ts and animals that settled as the glacier retreated to the plains of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia. True, today most scientists believe that Siberia and the plains of the European part of the USSR were the centers of settlement of terrestrial vertebrates, from which the Urals were settled, which, by the way, was not a significant obstacle to the movement of these animals.
The fauna of the Basegi reserve is typical for the taiga zone. There are many species of animals and birds in common with the fauna of the forests of the more western European plains, but Siberian forms also play a significant role. The European fauna includes the bank vole, wood mouse, common vole, marten, European mink, and most bird species; to representatives of the Siberian fauna of Siberian weasels, sable, red-backed vole, red-gray vole, Siberian subspecies of roe deer; from birds bunting-peremez, blue-tailed, ruby-necked nightingale, black-throated thrush.
Many animals are represented in the reserve by specific Ural subspecies that are not found outside this mountainous country. E.M. Vorontsov considers the mole, common shrew, forest mouse, red vole, root vole, dark vole (South Ural subspecies) to be such species, and from birds of capercaillie, goshawk, long-tailed owl, whisk, common and reed bunting, forest Accentor, Dipper. He also refers to endemics as the Basseg three-toed woodpecker, Krestyannikov's brisket, Belousov's accentor, Vlasov's Ural bunting-Remeza (the names of the subspecies were given in honor of biology students who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War).
Among mammals in the reserve, the most numerous are small insectivores (8 species) and rodents (19 species), as well as carnivores (14 species).
The common mole is found in meadows and on the edges of spruce and fir forests; it is quite common in the reserve, but its number is small here.
The shrew is one of the most numerous groups of animals in the reserve. Despite the tiny size of the animals, in some years their total weight in forest landscapes can be more than 70% of the total weight of all vertebrates. There are 6 species in this group. The most numerous of them are the common and middle shrews, which live in almost all natural complexes of the reserve. The pygmy shrew inhabits various forest areas and meadows, especially along the banks of rivers and streams, and is also quite numerous. The even-toothed shrew, which is quite rare in the flat part of the Perm region, also turned out to be common in the reserve.
The white hare is almost ubiquitous, especially in forest-meadow areas and in sparse forests.
Rodents are very diverse on the territory of the reserve. The flying squirrel is rarely found in the high-stemmed coniferous and deciduous forests of the reserve. Chipmunk in the reserve is very rare and lives in river valleys in areas with cedar. The squirrel, one of the main fur-bearing game animals of the Perm region, is common in all forests, with the exception of pure deciduous ones. In some years, proteins are very plentiful, in others, with poor seed harvest conifers, the animals make massive migrations, leaving the territory of the reserve. In the forests of the Basegi ridge, squirrels also make local migrations, periodically moving in different years and seasons to forest areas with a sufficient yield of cones. In addition to the seeds of conifers in summer time squirrels feed on mushrooms, berries, sometimes juicy parts of herbaceous plants and large seeds. The number of birch mice on the Basega Ridge is quite high.
There are few mouse-like rodents in the reserve. These are field and forest mice. In river valleys and on lawns, you can find a tiny mouse, the smallest rodent of our fauna. The animal prefers thickets of tall grass, while it lives not only in shelters underground, but sometimes weaves a spherical nest from dry blades of grass, firmly attaching it to the stems of herbaceous plants, sometimes at a height of up to 1.5 m. Baby mice weigh 6-7 g , very rarely come across "giants" weighing up to 9 g. In the 40s, there was a gray rat, which practically disappeared with the destruction of permanent human dwellings.
The most diverse among rodents are hamsters (9 species), some of them are very numerous. Finds of forest lemming in the Kama region are rare, but in the reserve this northern taiga animal is quite abundant in mossy dark coniferous forests.
On the other hand, the more southerly common and plowed voles are relatively rare and live mainly in meadow biotopes. In more wet places there is a root vole. There are numerous forest voles in the reserve, which are found in all forest communities. This bank vole is a species of European mixed and broadleaf forests as well as Siberian taiga species of red and red-gray voles. All three species are common in forests and woodlands, and in summer they can also be found in meadows. Red and red-gray voles go higher into the mountains than red voles, penetrating to the outcrops on the tops of the ridge, populating stony placers and mountain tundra. The water rat is also common in near-water biotopes, but in summer it can also live in subalpine meadows. This large vole is quite common in the reserve. Muskrat is rare in the Vilva Valley.
Among the ungulates in the reserve, there are elk, roe deer and reindeer... Elk annually in late autumn or early winter migrates from the foothills of the Perm region to the eastern slopes of the Urals. Even for such a huge animal, the snow cover of the ridge turns out to be too deep, so only a few moose winter in the reserve. Summer density of elk is 2-3 individuals per 1000 ha. Reindeer in some years in winter comes to Basegi from the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the northern regions of the Perm region, but large herds in last decade did not appear. In summer, roe deer can migrate to the reserve from the eastern regions of the Urals. It is as rare as the reindeer. In 1985 a wild boar was recorded for the first time.
Pine marten typical predator old dark coniferous forests reserve, mainly littered areas with hollow trees. Its number in the reserve is significant.
Weasels and ermine are common and are ubiquitous in various biotopes. Column, mink and otter are numerous. Badger is rare and prefers open dry areas, forest edges. In winter, a wolverine is noted in the reserve, wolves occasionally enter. A fox lives in meadows and crooked forests. Brown bear and the lynx are common in the forest belt.
Birds are the richest vertebrate group in the Basegi Reserve in terms of species diversity, but they are still rather poorly studied. Almost every year, since 1978, when the staff of Perm University began to study the fauna of this territory, the list of birds is supplemented with new species, most often Siberian.
There are 150 bird species of 13 orders in the reserve. The most diverse are passerine birds, represented by 19 families and more than 70 species.
All corvids known in the Kama region are quite numerous in the reserve: the hooded crow, raven, jackdaw, magpie, nutcracker, jay, kiksha. Only the rook by the middle of this century almost disappeared from the vicinity of the reserve, which is probably due to the disappearance of villages. This can also explain the absence of the house sparrow in the area, which was quite common here in the 40s. Only field sparrows live at the foot of the Southern Baseg and on the site of the former village of Korostelevka.
Dipper lives on the banks of rapidly flowing rivers and streams. This small bird is not afraid of cold weather, it migrates to the south only after the reservoirs are completely frozen.
In various types of forest there are wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, yellow grouse, three-toed and great-spotted woodpeckers, common cuckoo, gingerbread buntings, common and reed, lentils, yurok, willow warblers and chiffchaffs, garden warblers, garden warblers, meadow chicks, song thrush, fieldfare, accentor, bullfinch, waxwing, nuthatch, pika, forest pipit, spruce crossbill, great tit, sparrowhawk and goshawk.
On mountain-meadow tall-grass glades with areas of forest and willow bushes, there are buzzards, hobbies, kestrels, corncrake, great snipe, forest pipit, white and yellow wagtails, lentils, garden warbler, gray warbler, meadow chaffinch, chaffinch, warbler, willow warbler hoodie.
In the mountain moss-lichen crooked forest, capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, common cuckoo, yurok, chaffinch, common bunting, Dubrovnik, crumb and pemmez, siskin, powder, pika, willow warbler, green warbler and chiffchaff, forest accent, redstart, gray and chiffchaff Warblers, Robin, Schur, Blackbirds and Fieldfare.
In the mountain tundra and on stony placers, the fauna of birds is very poor. Here you can find peregrine falcon, common wheatear, meadow chisel, meadow pipit, mountain wagtail. During the ripening period of blueberries, wood grouses, black grouses, hazel grouses migrate here.
On rivers and floodplain bogs, there are mallards, teal crabs and whistles, as well as blackfish and carrier, great merganser, garden warbler.
Sedge-sphagnum and sedge upland bogs are inhabited by the gray warbler, white wagtail, warbler, reed bunting and reed buntings, and some waders.
Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR, the white-tailed eagle and peregrine falcon nest in the reserve; osprey and golden eagle are found on migration. EM Vorontsov (1949) indicated a black stork for the Basegi ridge.
On the territory of the reserve, only two species of reptiles were recorded: viviparous lizard and common viper... The latter is found in the reserve only at the foot of the mountains, in the driest and warmest areas. The viviparous lizard is much more widespread. It is found along the edges of forests in the mountain-taiga belt, in meadows, it is quite numerous in the strip of woodlands and crooked forests, it penetrates into rocky placers and into the tundra.
The reserve is inhabited by 3 species of amphibians - the gray toad, grass and sharp-faced frogs. Gray toads were found at the foot of the ridge, that is, on the outskirts of the reserve. At the same time, their number is higher in the extensive clearings adjacent to the reserve. Grass and sharp-faced frogs inhabit
To the territories of regulated recreational use include specially protected natural areas, as well as hunting and fishing grounds.
Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNA) - areas of land, water surface and airspace above them, where there are natural complexes and objects that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health-improving value, which are withdrawn by decisions of the authorities state power in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime is established. Specially protected natural areas belong to the objects of the national heritage. Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) of the Tyumen region are objects of national treasure. These include areas of land and water surface that are of particular nature conservation, scientific, cultural and recreational value. PAs have been fully or partially withdrawn from economic use, and a special protection regime has been established for them. In the conditions of intensive industrial development of Western Siberia, which is the main fuel and energy region of the Russian Federation, environmental protection issues acquire the significance of the most important state task, which must be solved urgently using the results of modern scientific research in this direction.
On the territory of the southern zone of the Tyumen region, there are 3 categories of specially protected natural areas: state nature reserves: federal significance 2, wetlands of international importance 1
The wetland "Lakes of the Tobol-Ishim forest-steppe" meets the criteria of the Ramsar Convention. Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) of the Tyumen region are objects of national treasure. These include areas of land and water surface that are of particular nature conservation, scientific, cultural and recreational value. PAs have been fully or partially withdrawn from economic use, and a special protection regime has been established for them. In order to preserve the Tarmansky lake-bog complex, a unique natural object in the vicinity of the regional center, the Tyumen State Zoological Reserve of republican, now federal significance was created in 1958. In the 1960s, with the development of work on the re-acclimatization of the river beaver in the southern districts of the region, a network of species reserves was created, which were later transformed into complex reserves of regional significance, as well as a number of objects of exceptional importance for the reproduction of waterfowl and near-water birds. Not so long ago in the Tyumen region were signed orders defining the status of two new natural monuments of regional significance. One of the documents establishes as a specially protected natural object Ryamovoe swamp in Omutinsky district. The area of the natural monument is over 2 thousand hectares. New status will allow better control of the ecological situation in the territory, which is the source of the Vagai River. The second decree expands the boundaries of the natural monument Poluyanovskiy Bor in the Vagai region. Now its area will increase from 260 to 554.8 hectares. Thus, this entire forest area falls under special protection, the main wealth of which is the century-old cedars.
Table 6. Specially protected natural areas.
|
Name |
Area, ha |
Short description |
||
|
Federal reserve |
Tyumen |
Among the objects of protection there are such species as black stork, great spotted eagle, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, oystercatcher, eagle owl. Unique natural complexes are subject to protection - the southernmost tracts of spruce forests with an admixture of cedar, fir, linden, juniper and heather, as well as |
||
|
Federal reserve |
Belozerovsky |
The objectives of the creation of the reserve are: preservation, restoration and reproduction of economically, scientifically and culturally valuable, as well as rare and endangered species of animals. The main objects of protection include all types of terrestrial vertebrates, as well as the unique lacustrine-forest-steppe complex of the Tobol-Ishim forest-steppe. |
Thus, on early XXI in. in the region there is a fairly extensive network of protected areas of various categories: 4 state nature reserves, 8 state complex biological reserves of federal significance, 48 state complex zoological reserves of regional significance. In addition, there are state natural monuments (more than 50), reproductive and hunting areas of regional importance (4) and wetlands of international importance (4), mainly for the protection of the habitat of waterfowl, as well as green zones around some settlements. The total area of protected areas within the region is 6.2%.
Figure 7. Map of the location of Belozervsky (a) and Tyumensky (b) reserves
Figure 8. Schematic map of the protected areas of the Tyumen region.
Figure 9. Schematic map of fishing and hunting grounds.
Thus, we can conclude that the Tyumen region has significant areas of hunting grounds, which makes the region especially popular among hunters. Hunting in this region is allowed for fur-bearing animals, except for those protected by the Red Book, as well as for bears and hoofed animals. That is, all hunting segments are represented, including hunting for waterfowl.
2. Territories of regulated recreational use Category lands of regulated recreational use include territorial objects that have the status of specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance - national parks and reserves 4, estates and museum-reserves, various types of natural monuments, etc. 2.1. Ecological tourism resources (PAs) Under ecotourism we understand one of the forms of recreation directly related to the use of natural potential... This is travel and recreation in nature in a natural, little-changed habitat. This is healing in harmony with the preserved nature. Ultimately, ecological tourism is a vivid example of the combination of nature, sports and ecology with the aim of developing spiritual, physical and cognitive principles in a person (Pozdeev, 2000). Despite the right to use the forest for recreation, officially enshrined in the Fundamentals of Forest Legislation, the problem of organizing the latter in Russia in general and in the Oryol Region in particular remains largely unresolved. This is partly due to the lack of an unambiguous definition in the special literature of the concept of "recreational forests". Our approach to the definition of this concept presupposes assigning to the category of recreational those forest areas in which the recreational function dominates and determines the tasks of farming. These include parks and forest parks in cities and suburban areas, separate areas of natural national parks, intended for the recreation of visitors. The most important qualitative feature of recreational forests is their readiness for mass recreation (saturation of the road and path network, including asphalt terrenkura-mi 5, sanitary and hygienic facilities, etc.). ********************************************** As of the beginning of the 2000s, the list of protected natural objects of various status and purpose numbered 134 units (Fig. 10) with a total area of almost 640 thousand hectares (a quarter of the regional territory). As part of their area, 84% is represented by hunting reserves. To the "Orlovskoe Polesie" (with a comparative strict regime protection) accounts for over 13%; the rest of the protected area is represented by natural parks (or natural monuments of local importance) (Table 2.).
Tab. 2. Types of protected natural areas of the region.
SPNA type | SPNA name |
|
Arbuzov Arboretum |
||
Natural monument of local importance | Park "Telegino" |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Tract "Young" |
|
Place of interest | Park-estate N. Khitrovo |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Lake "Red" |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Fragments of a linden alley and a garden |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Tract "Landing" |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Tract "Khotkovskaya dacha" |
|
Place of interest | N.V. Kireevsky park |
|
Place of interest | "Khotkovsky Park" |
|
************************** | Lake "Zvannoe" |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Old park in the village of Malaya Rakovka |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Melnik Garden |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Park in the village of Grunets |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Long-lived tree standing alone (heart-leaved linden) |
|
Federal National Park | "Oryol woodland" |
|
Natural monument of local importance | "Verochkina Grove" |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Arboretum VNIISPK |
|
Natural monument of local importance | Natural Park "Naryshkinsky" | |
Table 4. Factor-based integral assessment of the ecological state of the natural environment.
Parameter | Score in points |
Air Basin Condition | |
Condition of the water basin | |
Soil condition | |
Integral assessment |
Rice. 15. Bioclimatic zoning of the Oryol region.
PROBLEMS RESTRAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL-ORIENTED FORMS OF TOURISM IN ORLOV REGION The main constraints on the use of recreational resources in the Oryol region are as follows. Poor development of most of the components of the natural resource potential. De facto, ecological tourism, in the direct sense of this term (if you do not include amateurs of hunting and sport fishing), is not developed in the region. This is confirmed by the lack of a stable flow of visitors (local or from other regions) to most of the protected natural sites. There is no so-called rural tourism in the region, which is explained by the unwillingness of the local rural population to receive guests on a commercial basis, to provide them with specialized recreational services. in the scope of recreational services. ************************************************* ************************************************* ******************************** RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL ORIENTED FORMS OF TOURISM IN THE ORLOV REGIONCONCLUSIONLIST OF USED SOURCES- Avakyan A.B. Reservoirs, their economic importance, problems of creation and integrated use // Influence of reservoirs on surface and underground runoff. M., 1972. Aleksandrov I. Geography of the Oryol region. - Tula, Priokskoe book publishing house, 1972 Atlas of the Oryol region. Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. - Moscow, 2000. Barteneva O.D., Polyakova E.A., Rusin N.P. Natural light mode on the territory of the USSR. L., 1971. Belinsky V.A. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun and sky. M., 1968. Report on the state of the environment in the Oryol region. 1997-2000 Behind the pages of the textbook of geography of the Oryol region. Brief essays on local history. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 2004. Ivanov V.V., Nevraev G.A., Fomichev M.M. Map of curative mud of the USSR. M., 1968. Studying the geography of the Oryol region at school. Physical geography: Teaching aid for teachers of geography / Under. ed. IN AND. Quiet. - Oryol, 1997. Information bulletin on the state of the geological environment in the Oryol region for 1998 - Oryol, 1999. Pozdeev VB. Ecological tourism in context regional development/ Sat. Problems and prospects of tourism development in countries with economies in transition. - Smolensk, 2000. Natural resources Oryol Territory. - Eagle, 1997. Raskatov G.I. The most important features of the tectonic structure of the northwestern part of the Voronezh anteclise / Problems of geology and minerals of the Voronezh anteclise. - Voronezh, Voronezh State University, 1970. Recreational resources of the USSR: problems of rational use / V.N. Kozlov, L.S. Filippovich, I.P. Chalaya et al. M., 1990. Quiet V.I. Economic and social geography of the Oryol region. - Eagle, 2000.
1 EGP - economic and geographical location.
2 The degree of dissection is understood as the length of the valley-girder network, referred to 1 km 2 of the area. 3 For the Central Russian Upland, it is accepted: weak dissection (less than 1.2 km / km km 2), strong (more than 1.6 km / km 2).
4 May have exclusively federal significance.
5 Terrenkur ( it.) - a specially equipped track for dosed therapeutic walking.
RUSSIAN INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF TOURISM
Department of "Geography of tourist destinations"
| p. | |
| INTRODUCTION | 3 |
| 5 | |
| 1. Landscapes | 5 |
| 1.1. Relief | 5 |
| 1.2. Water objects | 9 |
| 14 | |
| 17 | |
| 17 | |
| 2.2. Hunting and fishing grounds | 22 |
| 3. The ecological state of the natural environment | 24 |
| 4. Landscape and recreational potential | 26 |
| 5. Complex landscape and recreational zoning of the territory | 29 |
| 6. Climate and bioclimate | 29 |
| 6.1. The main climate-forming factors | 30 |
| 6.2. Solar radiation mode | 30 |
| 6.3. Atmospheric circulation | 32 |
| 6.4. Thermal regime | 34 |
| 6.5. Wind regime | 35 |
| 6.6. Humidity mode | 35 |
| 6.7. Precipitation mode | 37 |
| 7. Bioclimatic potential | 40 |
| 8. Bioclimatic zoning of the territory | 40 |
| 9. Hydromineral resources | 41 |
| 9.1. Mineral water | 41 |
| 9.2. Healing mud (peloids) | 43 |
| 45 | |
| CONCLUSION | 46 |
| 49 | |
| ANNEXES |
INTRODUCTION
purpose of work: analysis of natural recreational potential and identification of prospects for the development of nature-oriented forms of tourism in the Oryol region.
Work tasks:
assessment of the landscape and recreational potential and drawing up the landscape and recreational zoning of the territory;
characteristics of the territories of regulated recreational use;
assessment of bioclimatic potential and preparation of bioclimatic zoning of the territory;
characteristics of hydromineral resources;
Research methodology.
The main research methods were: observation method, statistical, comparative and cartographic analysis, methods of mapping and zoning of the territory.
Natural recreational resources in the course work were assessed on a three-point system by factor-integral method. The main assessment criterion is the degree of favorableness of landscape components, bioclimate conditions, objects or factors for various types of nature-oriented tourism (health-improving, sports, ecological, hunting and fishing).
Materials used.
The work is based on educational and local history literature on the natural conditions and resources of the Oryol region, atlases and maps, collections scientific articles, analytical reports and statistical materials. Data from the Internet were used to a small extent.
Brief information about the territory.
The Oryol Region was formed in 1937. It includes 24 administrative districts, 7 cities (3 cities of regional subordination - Oryol, Livny, Mtsensk, and 4 cities of regional subordination - Bolkhov, Dmitrovsk-Orlovsky, Maloarkhangelsk, Novosil), 13 urban-type settlements and more than 3 thousand rural settlements... The administrative center of the region is the city of Orel.
The subjects of the region are the following administrative districts (indicating the regional center): Bolkhovsky (Bolkhov town), Verkhovsky (Verkhovye town), Glazunovsky (Glazunovka town), Dmitrovsky (Dmitrovsk-Orlovsky town), Dolzhansky (Dolgoe town), Zalegoshchensky (town Zalegoshch), Znamensky (Znamenskoye village), Kolpnyansky (Kolpny village), Korsakovsky (Korsakovo village), Krasnosorensky (Krasnaya Zorya village), Kromsky (Kromy village), Livensky (Livny town), Maloarkhangelsky (Maloarkhangelsk town) , Mtsenskiy (Mtsensk), Novoderevenkovsiy (Khomutovo village), Novosilskiy (Novosil town), Orlovskiy (Oryol town), Pokrovsiy (Pokrovskoe town), Sverdlovsiy (Zmievka town), Soskovsiy (Soskovo village), Trosnianskiy (from Trosna), Uritskiy (village Naryshkino), Khotynetsky (town Khotynets), Shablykinskiy (town Shablykino) (Fig. 1.).
The territory of the region lies between the parallels - 53є30 'and 51є55'c., And between the meridians - 34є45' and 38є05'E. The Meso-EGP of the Oryol region is determined by its position in the southwestern part of the European territory of the Russian Federation, in the center of the Central Russian Upland, in the southernmost part of the Central Economic Region.
The region is landlocked. Neighbors (of the first order) for it are the regions of the Central and Central Chernozem economic regions of the Russian Federation (Fig. 2.): in the north Tula, in the north-west - Kaluga, in the west - Bryansk, in the east - Lipetsk and in the south - Kursk.
From the point of view of micro-EGP for the Oryol region, a particularly favorable factor is the location of sections of its northern, western and southern borders. In the first case, this is access to the dynamically developing capital region, in the next two - to the Slavic countries of the near abroad (Belarus and Ukraine), with which the region can develop close economic and cultural ties.
In terms of the size of the territory (24.7 thousand km2), the Oryol region is the smallest among all adjacent regions and ranks 67th in this indicator (among 89 subjects) in Russia. Its average length in the meridional direction is just over 150 km, and in the latitudinal direction - over 220 km. The administrative center - the city of Oryol - is close to the geographical center of the region.
NATURAL RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
1. Landscapes
The landscapes of the Oryol region belong to the class of plains. Here two touch natural areas: forest and forest-steppe.
1.1. Relief
The relief as the main component of the landscape is the most important natural recreational resource that determines the landscape diversity of the landscape. When assessing the relief from the standpoint of its suitability for the implementation of recreational activities, one usually takes into account its picturesqueness, mosaicism and the degree of dissection, the steepness of slopes, and the presence of focal observation points. It is also taken into account that different types recreational activities have different requirements for the conditions of the relief. So, in some cases, preference is given to flat terrain (for agro-recreation), in others - mountainous highly rugged (alpine skiing, mountaineering, etc.). For recreational purposes, the most favorable is a large-hilly, or ridge, relief, a slightly hilly and undulating terrain is relatively favorable; flat, flat monotonous surfaces are unfavorable from the point of view of aesthetics of landscape perception and due to the functional unsuitability of this type of relief. For medical and health-improving rest, both functionally and aesthetically, the most favorable is rough terrain with insignificant excess.
The formation of the modern topography of the region (Fig. 3.) is closely related to the geological and neotectonic conditions of the development of the territory in the Quaternary. In orographic terms, the territory of the Oryol region is confined to the Central Russian Upland and only in the extreme northwest - to the Desninsko-Dnieper trough.
In neotectonic terms, the overwhelming part of the region's territory belongs to the Central Russian anteclise, as a structure of the first order (Fig. 4.). Within the anteclise, uplifts and troughs of the second order and small local structures of higher orders are distinguished. G.I. Raskatov distinguishes the Dmitrovskoe and Novosilskoe uplifts, the Oka and Livenskoe troughs.
The formation of large neotectonic structures here is closely related to the inheritance of the plan and sign of the movements of the strata from the Cretaceous, and possibly from the Jurassic time. The small thickness of the Quaternary deposits and the widespread development of modern denudation processes also indicate a tendency for the continued uplift of these areas. Within the limits of uplifts, small structures are noted - uplifts and troughs of a local plan of higher orders. Between the Dmitrovsky and Novosilsky uplifts, there is the Oka trough, and south of the Novosilsky uplift, the Livensky trough, which is characterized by an increase in the thickness of Quaternary sediments and a lesser development of modern denudation processes.
According to the hypsometric position, the territory of the region can be subdivided into an elevated plain (absolute height more than 240 m) and a relatively low plain (absolute height less than 240 m) with varying degrees of dissection. For elevated plains, the degree of dissection of the relief ranges from 1.7-2.5 km / km2 with a dissection depth of up to 70-120 meters. The relatively low plains are characterized by a degree of dissection of 50-80 m (mainly in neotectonic troughs). The main type of relief of the region, therefore, is a strongly and deeply dissected gently hilly erosion-denudation plain in the non-glacial area (watersheds of the rivers Oka, Sosna, Zushi, Neruchi, Lyubovsha). Glacial sediments are found only in the basin of the river. Desna and its tributaries - r. Nerussa, Navlya, on the territory of Dmitrovsky and Shablykinsky districts.
1.3. Soil and vegetation cover
In terms of soil cover, the Oryol region is a zone of transitional soils from sod-podzolic to chernozem soils (Fig. 6.). The variety of soils is determined by different soil formation conditions, which vary from northwest to southeast. Taking into account this tendency, three soil zones are distinguished on the territory of the region: western, central and southeastern. Western the zone is made up of Bolkhovsky, Khotynetsky, Znamensky, Uritsky, Shablykinsky and Dmitrovsky districts with a predominance of light gray, gray and dark gray forest soils, which occupy 85% of arable land. Part central zone includes Mtsensky, Korsakovsky, Novosilsky, Orlovsky, Zalegoshchensky, Sverdlovsky, Kromsky, Glazunovsky and Trosnyansky districts, where gray forest, dark gray forest soils and podzolized chernozems (86% of arable land) are mainly located. Novoderevenkovsky, Krasnosorensky, Verkhovsky, Pokrovsky, Maloarkhangelsky, Livensky, Kolpnyansky and Dolzhansky districts are included in southeastzone with a clear predominance of podzolized and leached chernozems (3/4 of the arable land area).
The territory of the region is distinguished by high agricultural development - over 80% of the total area, 4/5 of which is plowed up (Fig. 8 (2).). Over the past decades, the area of agricultural land has significantly decreased (by almost 10%). Not so noticeably, however, the main means of production in plant growing - arable land - is shrinking quite noticeably. It is characteristic that the share of pure fallow in the composition of arable land accounts for up to 23% (313 thousand hectares) (Fig. 8 (3).). The area of perennial plantations over the past 10 years (by 2002) has decreased from 24 to 13 thousand hectares. Fallow land compared to the mid-1990s. increased by almost 7 times. In the structure of sown areas (1.6 million hectares, 2002), cereals account for 708 thousand hectares (the share of winter crops is 35%), forage crops - 330 thousand hectares, potatoes and vegetable and melon crops - 66 thousand hectares. (4%), for industrial crops - 41 thousand hectares (3%).
2. Territories of regulated recreational use
Category lands of regulated recreational use include territorial objects that have the status of specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance - national parks and reserves, estates and museum-reserves, various types of natural monuments, etc.
2.1. Ecological tourism resources (PAs)
Under ecotourism we understand one of the forms of recreation directly related to the use of natural potential. This is travel and recreation in nature in a natural, little-changed habitat. This is healing in harmony with the preserved nature. Ultimately, ecological tourism is a vivid example of the combination of nature, sports and ecology with the aim of developing spiritual, physical and cognitive principles in a person (Pozdeev, 2000).
Despite the right to use the forest for recreation officially enshrined in the Fundamentals of Forest Legislation, the problem of organizing the latter in Russia in general and in the Oryol Region in particular remains largely unresolved. This is partly due to the lack of an unambiguous definition in the specialized literature of the concept of "recreational forests". Our approach to the definition of this concept presupposes the assignment to the category of recreational areas of the forest in which the recreational function dominates and determines the tasks of economic management. These include parks and forest parks in cities and suburban areas, individual sections of natural national parks intended for the recreation of visitors. The most important quality feature of recreational forests is their readiness for mass recreation (saturation with a road and path network, including asphalted terrainks, sanitary and hygienic facilities, etc.).
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As of the beginning of the 2000s, the list of protected natural objects of various status and purpose numbered 134 units (Fig. 10) with a total area of almost 640 thousand hectares (a quarter of the regional territory). As part of their area, 84% is represented by hunting reserves. The "Orlovskoe Polesie" (with a relatively strict security regime) accounts for over 13%; the rest of the protected area is represented by natural parks (or natural monuments of local importance) (Table 2.).
Tab. 2. Types of protected natural areas of the region.
| № | SPNA type | SPNA name |
| Arbuzov Arboretum | ||
| Natural monument of local importance | Park "Telegino" | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Tract "Young" | |
| Place of interest | Park-estate N. Khitrovo | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Lake "Red" | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Fragments of a linden alley and a garden | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Tract "Landing" | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Tract "Khotkovskaya dacha" | |
| Place of interest | N.V. Kireevsky park | |
| Place of interest | "Khotkovsky Park" | |
| ************************** | Lake "Zvannoe" | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Old park in the village of Malaya Rakovka | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Melnik Garden | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Park in the village of Grunets | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Long-lived tree standing alone (heart-leaved linden) | |
| Federal National Park | "Oryol woodland" | |
| Natural monument of local importance | "Verochkina Grove" | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Arboretum VNIISPK | |
| Natural monument of local importance | Natural Park "Naryshkinsky" | |
The total area of the national park "Orlovskoe Polesie" is over 84 thousand hectares. Its boundaries include lands of other owners and users without withdrawing them from economic exploitation (49 thousand hectares). The main value of the national park is represented by forests (40% of the territory), which have preserved the unique complexes of the southern taiga groups, in which a large number of rare plants and animals are concentrated; 12% of the territory is represented by meadow phytocenoses (Appendix 1.). The value of the plant communities of the park lies in the fact that they are located on the border of two botanical-geographical zones (European broadleaf and Eurasian steppe), which are very susceptible to any anthropogenic interference.
According to the existing classification, natural monuments are divided into 7 types: forest (45), garden and park (44), hydrological (15), botanical (10), dendrological (9), geological and botanical and landscape (1 each). The total area of natural monuments of regional significance in the region (130 natural objects) is almost 13 thousand hectares. Analysis of the peculiarities of their location (Fig. 11.) and functioning allows us to draw the following conclusions:
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The recreational comfort of the region's water bodies is rather low, including due to significant anthropogenic pressure. For example, in one of the main objects of recreational water use - Oka - an excess of MPC for biological oxygen demand (BOD5) with a maximum indicator of up to 4.52 mg / l was noted, for biogenic pollutants the excess of MPC ranges from 1.5 to 5.3 (Report ..., 2000). The beach digression of river NTC is also significant, especially near residential areas.
A negative factor in reducing the quality of the region's climatic resources is a significant anthropogenic pollution of the atmospheric air, which is especially strong in the areas of the cities of Orel, Livny, Mtsensk. The structure of gas emissions by various enterprises is very diverse, but in terms of the impact on humans and the environment, they deserve attention in the first place: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, hydrofluoric acid salts, lead and dust.
Table 4. Factor-based integral assessment of the ecological state of the natural environment.
| Parameter | Score in points |
| Air Basin Condition | 3 |
| Condition of the water basin | 2 |
| Soil condition | 1 |
| Integral assessment |
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The components of the natural environment on the territory of the Oryol Region are under noticeable anthropogenic pressure, which manifests itself in poorly controlled emissions into the air basin, wastewater discharges into water bodies and soil degradation. However, in recent years, the anthropogenic impact on ecosystems has noticeably decreased. The environmental situation in the Oryol region is generally favorable for the development of recreational activities.
Rice. 15. Bioclimatic zoning of the Oryol region.
PROBLEMS RESTRAINING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL-ORIENTED FORMS OF TOURISM IN ORLOV REGION
The main constraints on the use of recreational resources in the Oryol region are as follows.
Poor development of most of the components of the natural resource potential.
De facto, ecological tourism, in the direct sense of this term (if you do not include amateurs of hunting and sport fishing), is not developed in the region. This is confirmed by the lack of a stable flow of visitors (local or from other regions) to most of the protected natural sites. There is no so-called rural tourism in the region, which is explained by the unwillingness of the local rural population to receive guests on a commercial basis, to provide them with specialized recreational services.
The lack of an assessment of the socio-ecological potential of the territory and the natural recreational resources of the region, insufficient knowledge of the real and potential needs of the population in recreation and in the amount of recreational services.
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CONCLUSION
LIST OF USED SOURCES
Avakyan A.B. Reservoirs, their economic importance, problems of creation and integrated use // Influence of reservoirs on surface and underground runoff. M., 1972.
Aleksandrov I. Geography of the Oryol region. - Tula, Priokskoe book publishing house, 1972
Atlas of the Oryol region. Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. - Moscow, 2000.
Barteneva O.D., Polyakova E.A., Rusin N.P. Natural light mode on the territory of the USSR. L., 1971.
Belinsky V.A. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun and sky. M., 1968.
Report on the state of the environment in the Oryol region. 1997-2000
Behind the pages of the textbook of geography of the Oryol region. Brief essays on local history. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow State University, 2004.
Ivanov V.V., Nevraev G.A., Fomichev M.M. Map of curative mud of the USSR. M., 1968.
Studying the geography of the Oryol region at school. Physical geography: Teaching aid for teachers of geography / Under. ed. IN AND. Quiet. - Eagle, 1997.
Information bulletin on the state of the geological environment in the Oryol region for 1998 - Orel, 1999.
Pozdeev V.B. Ecological tourism in the context of regional development / Sat. Problems and prospects of tourism development in countries with economies in transition. - Smolensk, 2000.
Natural resources of the Oryol region. - Eagle, 1997.
Raskatov G.I. The most important features of the tectonic structure of the northwestern part of the Voronezh anteclise / Problems of geology and minerals of the Voronezh anteclise. - Voronezh, Voronezh State University, 1970.
Recreational resources of the USSR: problems of rational use / V.N. Kozlov, L.S. Filippovich, I.P. Chalaya et al. M., 1990.
Tikhiy V.I. Economic and social geography of the Oryol region. - Eagle, 2000.
EGP - economic and geographical location.
The degree of dissection is understood as the length of the valley-girder network, referred to 1 km2 of the area.
For the Central Russian Upland, it is accepted: weak dissection (less than 1.2 km / km2), medium (1.2-1.6 km / km2), strong (more than 1.6 km / km2).
May have exclusively federal significance.
Terrenkur (German) is a specially equipped path for dosed therapeutic walking.
3
Russian International Academy of Tourism
Dmitrovsky branch
Course work
By discipline: Recreational resources
On the topic: Recreational assessment of natural recreational resources of the Perm region
Completed by: Art. 12 groups Jalalyan A.M.
Checked by: Associate Professor Pospelova A.A.
_________
(signature)
May 13, 2006, Dmitrov.
Content:
Introduction3
4
I... Recreational landscape assessment
1.1. Relief 4
1.2. Water objects 5
1.3. Land cover 9
1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry and medicinal
plants 12
1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape 12
1.6. Landscape and recreational potential and
landscape and recreational zoning of the territory 12
II... Territory reglamented recreational
use
2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds 13
2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural
territories 15
III... Bioclimate
3.1. Solar radiation mode 24
3.2. Atmospheric circulation 25
3.3. Wind mode 25
3.4. Thermal mode 25
3.5. Humidity and Precipitation Mode 26
3.6. Bioclimatic potential and bioclimatic
territory zoning 27
IV... Hydromineral and unique Natural resources
4.1. Mineral waters 28
V... Conclusion 29
Introduction
This work will conduct a study and analysis of the natural recreational resources of the Perm region.
The purpose of this work is to study the suitability of natural recreational resources of the Perm region for the purposes of tourism. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to do the following - to study and characterize:
Relief
Water bodies
Land cover
Resources of mushroom, berry and medicinal plants
Hunting and fishing grounds
Bioclimate
Hydromineral and unique natural resources
Then we can analyze and draw conclusions.
The object of research in this work is the natural recreational resources of the Perm region.
At the end of the work, we will be able to summarize all our conclusions and characterize the natural recreational resources of the Perm region as favorable or unfavorable for the development of tourism.
Natural recreational resources
1. Recreational landscape assessment
1.1. Relief
The relief of the region was formed under the influence of mountain-building processes in the Ural Mountains (Hercynian folding, about 250 million years ago), as well as marine and continental sedimentation on the ancient crystalline basement of the platform.
A large (about 80% of the territory), the western part of the region is located on the eastern edge of the East European Plain, where low and flat relief prevails, which is not very favorable for recreation. In the east, in the meridional direction, the Ural Mountains stretch, occupying 20% of the region's territory.
The mountainous part of the region is represented by the mid-mountainous relief of the Northern Urals and the low-mountainous relief of the Middle Urals. The border between them is drawn at the foot of Mount Oslyanka (59 degrees north latitude). The mountains in the north of the region are the highest part of the region. Here it is highest point Perm region - Tulymsky Kamen (1496 m) and other significant peaks: Isherim (1331 m), Molebny Kamen (1240 m), Hu-Soik (1300 m). Mountains in the Urals are called stones that rise sharply above the rest of the area. In the past, all the Ural Mountains were called the Belt Stone. The mountains of the Middle Urals are the lowest part of the Ural Mountains. The highest heights here are in the Basegi ridge (Sredny Baseg - 993 m).
The highest point of the Perm region is the Tulymsky ridge
The flat part of the region has a hilly and hilly relief with an altitude of 290 - 400 meters above sea level. Highlands (Tulvinskaya Upland, Ufa plateau, Northern ridges) and lowlands (wide low-lying Kama valley, partially coinciding with the Cis-Ural foredeep) are distinguished on it.
The flat areas of the region have a two-tiered geological structure: a crystalline basement and a sedimentary cover of marine origin. Once upon a time on the site of the modern plain there was the ancient Perm Sea. It was relatively shallow, it warmed up well to the bottom, so plants and animals developed abundantly in it. From their remains, mixed with rocks, modern rocks and minerals were formed: limestone, anhydrite, gypsum, salt, oil, coal.
Assessment of the relief for health-improving rest.
It is possible to create terrainks 1,2 and 3 degrees of difficulty.
Relief assessment for sports tourism.
The relief of the region is represented by both flat areas and areas located in the aisles of the Ural Mountains, which contributes to the development of various sports.
Terrain assessment for speleotourism.
The peculiarities of the local geological structure are conducive to the formation of caves. The Ural Mountains have over 500 caves. Particularly distinguished from them: the ice Kungurskaya cave.
Relief assessment for mountain tourism and mountaineering.
For these purposes, the most predisposed is the Northern part of the Ural Mountains, located in the Perm region. Mountaineering is possible.
1.2. Water objects
Rivers form the basis of the region's hydrographic network. All of them belong to the basin of one river - the Kama, the largest left tributary of the Volga. By the way, if you approach strictly from the position of the science of hydrology, taking into account all the rules for identifying main river, it turns out that not the Volga, but the Kama flows into the Caspian Sea. The length of the Kama (1805 km) is the sixth river in Europe after the Volga, Danube, Ural, Don and Pechora. The vast majority of its tributaries are small, that is, less than 100 km. 42 rivers of the region are more than 100 km long each, but of them only Kama and Chusovaya belong to the category of large rivers (more than 500 km).
The longest and deepest rivers of the Perm region:
The rivers of the Western Urals are very picturesque and varied in character. Some are typically flat (these are all the right tributaries of the Kama: Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Obva and others: some left: Veslyana, Lupya, Yuzhnaya Keltma, Tulva, Saygatka). They have a calm current, a winding channel with numerous meanders, islands, channels, aquatic vegetation. Their floodplains abound with oxbows, lakes and are often swampy.
The left-bank tributaries of the Kama, originating in the Ural Mountains, in the upper reaches are typically mountain rivers with a fast flow. Outcrops of numerous stones and picturesque cliffs are often found along the banks of these rivers. The channel abounds with rifts, rapids and small waterfalls. Going out onto the plain, the rivers lose their mountainous character.
Vishera river. Vetlan stone.
The main source of food for the rivers of the Western Urals is melt water (more than 60% of the annual flow). Therefore, the rivers of the region are characterized by prolonged freeze-up, high spring floods, low summer and winter low-water periods. Forests have a noticeable effect on the regime of rivers. In the northern part of the region, thanks to the forests, thick snow cover, and in the northeast and the mountains, the flood lasts longer than in the south. In the rivers of the forest-steppe south, the duration of freeze-up is less, they open early in the spring, in summer there are high rainfall and flash floods. In the north-east of the region (basin of the Vishera river) the rivers are full-flowing all year round... The rise of the level in spring exceeds 7-10 m, the current is fast (up to 2-3 m / s), the waters are cold, the ice cover is powerful. In the south, rivers become very shallow in summer and even dry up. In some severe winters with little snow, small rivers freeze to the bottom. In the east, due to the high development of karst, disappearing rivers are not uncommon, there are second underground channels, streams with increased mineralization and rigidity.
Ponds and reservoirs. Ponds were created in the Kama region for a variety of purposes: to regulate the flow of small rivers, for the needs of small-scale energy, timber rafting, fishing, water supply, irrigation, to decorate rural areas. The largest ponds:
Nytvensky (area 6.7 sq. Km) on the Nytva river
Seminsky (area 5.2 sq. Km) on the Zyryanka river
Ochersky (area of 4.3 sq. Km) on the Travyanka river
The most ancient ones were created 150-200 years ago at the old Ural factories. Now about five dozen such veteran ponds as Ochersky, Nytvensky, Pashiysky, Pavlovsky, Yugo-Kamsky and others have become unique monuments of history and culture.
In the region there are also reservoirs larger than ponds - reservoirs created in connection with the construction of hydroelectric power plants: Kamskoye and Votkinskoye on the Kama, Shirokovskoye on Kosva.
Lakes poetically called "the blue eyes of the planet." The Perm Region has the most Various types lakes: deep and shallow, small and medium, flowing and endless, surface and underground, floodplain, karst, tectonic, natural and man-made, fresh and salty, overgrown, completely lifeless and rich in fish, with beautiful names and completely unnamed. However, most of the lakes are small, floodplain and unnamed.
In terms of the number of lakes, Prikamye is inferior to other Ural regions. The total area of lakes in the Perm region is only 0.1% of its area.
Most large lakes are located in the north of the region:
b Chusovskoe (19.4 sq. km)
b Big Kumikush (17.8 sq. km)
b Novozhilovo (7.12 sq. km)
The deepest lakes (all of them are of karst origin):
b Rogalek (depth 61 m)
b White (depth 46 m)
b Bolshoye in Dobryansky district (depth 30 m)
The highest salinity of the surface lakes is the Igum Lake (25.6 g / l) in the Solikamsk region.
The largest of the underground is currently considered the lake in the grotto of Friendship of Peoples in the Kungur Ice Cave (about 1300 sq. M.). In total, over 60 lakes have been discovered in this cave. Lakes are also known in other karst caves - Pashiyskaya, Divya, Kizelovskaya.
Lake Goluboe is a burrow of an underground river.
Since many rivers of the Perm region originate in the mountains, their temperature regime often does not meet the required rating for a beach and bathing holiday. In the south, many rivers disappear during the summer season, which is caused by karst phenomena. Climatic conditions generally do not correspond to the necessary. There is no beach-swimming season.
Perhaps the development of yachting, which is most consistent with the Kama and a number of other rivers, of which there are many, as well as numerous ponds and reservoirs.
Rafting is carried out on the rivers by boats and rafts.
1.3. Soil and vegetation cover
In the Perm region, podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils with low natural fertility prevail. There are soddy-carbonate
(along river valleys), alluvial-soddy, soddy-meadow, leached chernozems, clayey and heavy loamy. In Suksunsky, Kungursky and adjacent areas there are degraded chernozems, dark gray, gray and light gray forest-steppe soils, which have the highest natural fertility in the region.
The nature of the soils in the Kama region, significant slopes of the surface, intense summer rains contribute to the development of erosion: more than 40% of the arable massifs of the region are subject to it to one degree or another.
The overwhelming majority of soils need to increase their fertility by applying organic and mineral fertilizers, and 89% of arable lands require liming.
The main type of vegetation on the territory of the Perm region is forests, which occupy 71% of the territory. The main tree species are dark conifers: spruce and fir. At the same time, spruce clearly predominates.
As the region moves from north to south, the share of deciduous species gradually increases, the undergrowth, shrub layer, herbaceous and ground cover change. In the northern areas of the flat part of the region, spruce-fir forests are widespread in large continuous tracts. Under their canopy it is dark and humid, so the undergrowth and grass cover are poorly developed, and green mosses prevail in the ground cover, hare oxalis on the elevations of the relief, and cuckoo flax in the depressions. Such forests in Prikamye are usually called parma... They are identified in the middle taiga subzone.
To the south of the latitude of the city of Berezniki, linden is mixed with spruce and fir at the limestone outcrops. In these forests, which form a subzone of the southern taiga, the shrub layer is more diverse, the moss cover is replaced by herbaceous vegetation. To the south of the city of Osa, the forests are changing again. Of broad-leaved species, in addition to linden, there are maple, elm, elm, sometimes oak, and among shrubs - warty euonymus and common hazel. This is a subzone of broad-leaved taiga forests. The most typical section of such a forest is preserved on the right bank of the Tulva River, in the Tulvinsky Wildlife Refuge.
The so-called warm forests (spruce, spruce-alder, pine) are developed along swampy river valleys and near peat bogs. They are characterized by a depressed state of the tree cover: dry top, short stature, curvature of the trunks. The ground cover is dominated by sphang mosses.
Pine forests are widespread in the north-west of the region, on sandy-argillaceous deposits left over from glaciation, along the sandy terraces of large rivers. Among coniferous forests, pine ones take the second place in the region.
Small-leaved birch-aspen forests account for a fairly large share of the tree plantations of the Kama region. Many of them are of secondary origin (they arose during the natural replacement of vegetation at the site of fires and during the felling of dark conifers). In the forests of the northeastern and eastern parts of the region, along with dark coniferous species, there are light conifers - cedar and larch.
A significant part of the region's forests (over 50%) are mature and over-mature plantations. Young growth accounts for about 20% of the forested area. The rest is medium-aged forests. Since intensive logging is underway on the territory of the region, permanent forest nurseries have been created to organize reforestation, where planting material is grown.
Meadow vegetation is widespread both in interfluves (dry meadows) and in river valleys (flooded meadows with the highest natural productivity). About 10% of the territory is occupied by meadows and pastures in the region. Marsh vegetation is represented on 5% of the territory
Swamps in the Perm region are widespread, both riding and lowland. Swamps and lakes in the north of the region are traces of the former continental glaciation. Some of the bogs were formed as a result of natural processes in low-flow reservoirs. Often, human economic activity leads to waterlogging: intensive deforestation, the creation of reservoirs, the construction of dams, and the construction of roads.
In the Perm region there are over 800 bogs, the peat deposits of which may be of industrial importance. But the development of peat in many bogs is not recommended because of their role in water protection, biological and other valuable qualities. In addition, cranberries, cloudberries, and prince, rich in vitamins, grow in the swamps. Many marshes are good grasslands.
The largest swamps are located in the north of the region:
Bolshoye Kamskoye (area 810 sq. Km)
Dzhurich-Nyur (area 350 sq. Km)
Byzimskoe (area 194 sq. Km)
1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry and medicinal plants
650 plant species were recorded, including 67 rare and endemic
The species number allows us to speak about a wide variety of species. There are territories (reserves, reserves) where the abundance of growing plants is also high.
1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape
The landscape is highly attractive. It is attracted by a large number of rivers and reservoirs, features of the landscape and relief. As well as a number of other features.
1.6. Landscape-recreational potential and landscape-recreationnational zoning of the territory
The environmental assessment varies greatly from unfavorable (near Perm) to favorable. In general, the characteristic is moderately favorable.
The landscape and recreational potential is characterized by 3 points.
Overall assessment - a favorable area for recreational development.
2. Territory of regulated recreational use
2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds
In total, there are about 60 species of mammals, over 200 species of birds, almost 40 species of fish, 6 species of reptiles and 9 species of amphibians on the territory of the Perm Region. More than 30 species of mammals are of commercial importance.
The pine marten is widely represented in the region. Favorite places its habitat is overripe, littered forests, especially in the southern regions. The Perm region is one of the first in the country in terms of the number of martens. The ermine and weasel live everywhere in the forests. In the southern and central regions - badger and otter, and in the northern - wolverine. Throughout the territory, except for the very south, bears and lynxes are found, although their number is small. The wolf is also ubiquitous.
Most of the animals in the region are of European origin, but Siberian species also penetrate. So, even at the end of the nineteenth century, the columns appeared in the eastern regions.
Of the artiodactyls in the Kama region, elks predominate, living along forest edges and copses. In winters with little snow from the neighboring Sverdlovsk region roe deer enter the eastern regions. Deer penetrate the northern regions from the Komi Republic.
Most carnivorous and cloven-hoofed animals are of great commercial value. Hunting for some of them (sable, otter, marten, elk) is possible only with special permits (licenses). Roe deer and reindeer are protected, hunting is prohibited.
Wolf, wolverine and lynx cause considerable damage to livestock and therefore hunting for them is encouraged. Small weasels (ferret, weasel) destroy mouse-like rodents, but sometimes they contribute to the spread infectious diseases(tick-borne encephalitis, rabies).
Much work is being done in the field of acclimatization and artificial breeding of some species of game animals - beavers, raccoon dogs, muskrat, polar fox and mink.
Of the 200 bird species in the region, the most common are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills, several species of tits; among migratory birds, there are starlings, blackbirds, rooks, and swallows. From birds of prey most often you can find eagles, owls, ravens and magpies. Of the birds, the wood grouse, black grouse and hazel grouse are of the greatest commercial value.
The water bodies of the region are inhabited by more than 30 species of fish, of which 15 are of commercial importance. Such mass species as bream, roach, sabrefish, perch, pike constitute the basis of fishing and recreational fishing.
The stocks of the main commercial species are in a satisfactory condition, however, the commercial fish productivity of the Kama reservoirs is one of the lowest in Russia and is only 2-3.5 kg / ha. Low indicators of commercial productivity of reservoirs are due to shortcomings in the organization of fishing, as well as the low production capacity of reservoirs. The main limiting factors are massive industrial pollution and unfavorable hydrological regime of reservoirs.
In spite of high level anthropogenic pressure, the main fishery reservoirs of the region - the Kama and Votkinsk reservoirs provide more than 90% of catches, which is an average of 850-100 tons of fish over the past decade.
Reforms of state economic systems have negatively affected fisheries as well. Since the beginning of the 90s, there has been a steady decline in catches of almost all major commercial species. Catches of bream, pike perch, pike, as well as roach and sabrefish dropped sharply in the Votkinsk reservoir. With an increase in the number of blue bream, its catches did not increase.
The catches of amateurs, licensed fishing and poaching practically do not lend themselves to accounting. But even assuming that the unaccounted catch of poachers and amateur fishermen is equal to organized fishing, there is an underutilization of the commercial stock.
Positive tendencies are observed in the dynamics of commercial fish in the Kama reservoirs. The number and catches of burbot, catfish, asp are growing.
The stocks of sterlet in the Votkinsk reservoir were favorably influenced by the many years of work by Kamuralrybvod on the transplantation of producers in the reservoir.
The water bodies of the north of the region - numerous lakes and oxbows - are practically not mastered by organized fishing. The main reasons are the inaccessibility and complexity of the sale of catches.
In the water bodies of the region, special measures of protection are required for 3 species of fish: taimen, sterlet of the Upper Kaska population and brook trout. In recent years, some stabilization of the number of the first two species has been observed. The state of the brook trout population in the river basin. Irene is disastrous. The experience of the Ulyanovsk region, where specialized sanctuaries were created in the early 90s to save brook trout, shows that the restoration of a seemingly extinct species is possible.
As we can see, the Perm region has rich resources for the development of hunting and fishing tourism.
2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural areas
The following reserves are represented in the Perm region:
Vishersky nature reserve:
Number of lichen species: 100
Number of mosses: 286
Number of species higher plants: 528
Vegetation:
The nature of the vegetation differs in the southern and northern parts of the reserve. In the south, middle taiga forests dominate, nemoral and forest-steppe species are found, in the north, northern taiga forests. In the stand, the dominance of Siberian fir and Siberian pine was noted, an increased role of grasses in comparison with shrubs was noted, wide use associations involving ferns. Mountain middle taiga dark coniferous forests rise to a height of 400 m above sea level, being replaced higher by forests of northern taiga appearance. The following altitudinal belts are distinguished: 1) mountain-forest (up to 600 m above sea level); 2) subalpine (about 600-850 m); 3) mountain tundra (about 850-1000 m); 4) a belt of alpine deserts (over 1000 m). As an addition to this scheme, within the subalpine belt, there are: sub-belt of park crooked forest and tall-grass subalpine meadows and sub-belt of mountain wastelands with Siberian juniper, thickets of dwarf birch (from Betu1a nana), etc. .......... .......