Scheme of the warhead of the Zur Roland 3. Roland anti-aircraft missile system (France, Germany)
Short description
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The self-propelled air defense system "Roland", developed since 1961 jointly by France and the Federal Republic of Germany, was first created as a weatherproof, semi-automatic (air defense system "Roland I"). Due to additional equipment (which increased the cost of the complex by 40%), the all-weather, non-weather, automatic semi-automatic version of the Roland II is being developed.
Both modifications of the air defense system were tested in 1971, their delivery to the troops is planned in 1974-1975 rr.
Work is underway (completion date is scheduled for 1974) on the deployment of the Roland II complex on ships of various displacement. This modification of the SAM is called "Roland IIM."
SAM "Roland" is designed to fire targets flying at speeds up to 440 m / s in the altitude range from 0.015 to 3 km at ranges from 0.5 to 6 km. The estimated probability of a single missile hitting a target flying at a speed of 300 m / s is at least 0.5 with a direct hit probability of 0.16-0.25.
Combat assets of the complexes "Roland I" (Fig. 46, a) and "Roland II" are located in the body of the self-propelled gun, as well as inside the rotating tower and on it.
Their systems of detection and target designation are the same and include: radar detection, means of selection of moving targets, means of identification and means of target designation.
Pulse-Doppler radar detection has a range of 15 km. Its antenna rotates independently of the self-propelled turret at a speed of 60 rpm. On the march, the antenna can be fixed in a marching manner. Target detection time no more than 4 sec.
Targeting devices located in the non-rotating part of the self-propelled gun include a fire-fighting computer and a control panel serviced by the air defense system commander.
The control panel has a circular viewing indicator screen with a scale on which the air situation is displayed, which allows the Commander to choose a target for shelling. The formation, location and movement of the target display icons on the screen is provided by a fire control computer that receives information about the air situation from radar detection.
The commander selects a target for firing by combining a marker with its mark on the indicator screen. This leads to an automatic turn of the tower in a direction that allows you to start working with missile defense controls.
To unload the commander (you do not need to follow the screen all the time), there is an audible alarm - when the target appears, an alarm sounds. Removing or approaching the target is fixed by the tone of the signal.
SAM missiles mounted mainly in the tower include: target tracking radars and missiles (in the Roland II air defense system), binocular optical sight, infrared direction finder (goniometer), tally-generating instrument for generating guidance commands and a radio command transmission station onboard the missile (all in both versions of the air defense system).
Target auto-tracking radar and missiles serve to ensure all-weather firing of the complex. Its antenna is located below the detection radar antenna. Accompanying missiles contributes to the defendant (beacon), placed on its board.
The optical sight is used for all-weather shooting for manual tracking of the target. It has two degrees of increase: six and twelvefold. Modeling with human participation showed that the sight can provide manual tracking of a fast-flying target with a standard error of 2-3 m.
An infrared direction finder mounted in the scope and coaxial with it is used for all-weather shooting. It serves to measure the angular mismatches between the flying SAM and the optical axis of the sight, directed by the operator to the target. To do this, the direction finder automatically accompanies the rocket tracer, transmitting the results to the calculating-decisive guidance device.
According to information from the radar tracking the target and missiles (with all-weather shooting) or from the sight and direction finder (with all-weather shooting), the calculating-decisive device generates commands for guiding the missiles according to the “target covering” method.
These commands are transmitted through the antenna of the radio command transmitting station at a frequency of over 11 500 MHz on board the SAM.
Launcher of both versions of the Roland air defense system with variable launch angles for two missiles in transport and launch containers. It is mounted on independent horizontal axes on the sides of the tower in the form of two beam-holders for containers. Guiding the beam-holders with containers in the elevation plane is automatically coaxial with the target tracking line, in the azimuthal plane - by turning the tower.
Automatic loading of the launcher is carried out for 10 seconds at the command of the commander by capturing by the beam-holder (which previously drops the empty container) another container from the store. The beam-holders can perform these operations independently of each other.
The complex has two stores. They are located on the sides in the body of the self-propelled. Each holds four containers with missiles, providing a hydraulic drive for their vertical movement for the next loading.
SAM "Roland" is the same for both modifications of the complex. It is supersonic, single-stage, four-winged, has gas-dynamic control, is equipped with a launch (with non-detachable body) and marching solid propellant rocket engine. Its flight to the maximum range and altitude occurs when the engine is running (active flight).
The weight of missiles in a cylindrical fiberglass container is 85 kg (two people carry it). The launch weight of the rocket is 64 kg, length 2.4 m, body diameter 0.16 m, range of tail surfaces in flight 0.5 m.
Fixed aerodynamic surfaces are revealed in flight by springs. The tail surfaces are fortified at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the SAM, which ensures its rotation at a speed of 5 rpm.
The warhead of the rocket weighs about 5.8 kg. It - is a design with cumulative radially arranged charges and is equipped with three types of explosive devices: shock and two non-contact - infrared and radio fuse (the latter for all-weather shooting). Non-operation of non-contact fuses from the surface of the earth (water) is provided for when firing at targets flying at extremely low altitudes.
The on-board receiver of the radio commands is made on transistors. Its antennas are mounted in the rear parts of the tail aerodynamic surfaces.
Starting solid propellant rocket motor with non-detachable body has two nozzles. Its fuel (13.2 kgf) is placed around the exhaust pipe of the main engine. Within 2 seconds, it accelerates SAM to a speed of about 580 m / s.
Marching solid propellant rocket engine (fuel weight 13.7 kgf, operating time about 10 seconds) has one nozzle. The deviation of the jet of gases flowing from this nozzle provides gas-dynamic flight control of SAMs.
In 1967, it was reported that in Germany for missiles of this type work was underway on the liquid-propellant rocket engine.
A rocket placed in a sealed transport and launch container does not require inspections or checks.
The combat crew of the self-propelled air defense system "Roland" consists of three people: the driver, commander and gunner.
To check the combat assets of the complex (except for SAM), control and testing equipment is used, which within 10 seconds reveals malfunctions.
The sequence diagram of the operation and interaction of combat assets of the Roland air defense system is as follows.
The radar of detection conducts a circular survey of the space when the complex is in place or in motion.
With a sound signal about the appearance of the target (s) in the coverage area of \u200b\u200bthe detection radar, the air defense system commander begins monitoring the marks on the screen of the all-round visibility indicator. By turning on the interrogator, it identifies targets, selects one of them for shelling, combining a marker with its mark on the screen. For a more accurate shooting gives a command for a short stop, although shooting is possible in motion.
During all-weather shooting of the Roland systems (I and II), the gunner, manipulating the handle, searches for the target, mainly in the elevation plane, using a smaller increase in scope (search time 4 sec). The target is "captured" in the sight, and the gunner guides her manually until the moment of meeting the missile, gradually changing the increase in the sight to the maximum.
During all-weather shooting of the Roland II complex, the described operations are performed automatically by the target tracking radar and SAM.
As soon as the commander sees on the screen that the target has entered the launch zone, he launches a missile launcher, and he continues to monitor the marks from other targets, the position information of which is updated every second (with each revolution of the detection radar antenna). This saves time firing on the next target.
The working time of the complex (from an alarm to the launch of missiles) during the shelling of the first target is 8-12 seconds.
The preparations for launching and launching missiles, which take about 1 second, are automated. 2 seconds after the rocket takes off from the container, its aerodynamic surfaces open and the solid propellant rocket propulsion system begins to operate, providing the possibility of gas-dynamic flight control of missiles.
With all-weather shooting, an infrared direction finder automatically accompanies the SAM tracer until it meets its target. This ensures the generation of guidance commands in the PSA, which are transmitted by the command transfer station on board the missile launcher, where they are implemented.
In all-weather shooting, the direction finder function also automatically performs radar tracking of targets and SAM.
If the warhead of the rocket did not detonate at the target, the missile system will automatically self-destruct as soon as the solid propellant solid propellant fuel burns out. Self-liquidation can be done "earlier with a special radio command from the ground.
The ship version of the Roland IIM complex is not much different from the self-propelled Roland II. It used other designs of stores (drum and mine with a lift), and their capacity was brought up to eight containers; the design of the container has been changed (insulation and protection of missiles against radioactive radiation is provided); launcher slightly changed.
On the ship, the Roland IIM air defense system is mounted in a tower (weight with a magazine 8720 kg), and is served by two calculation numbers. It is intended for both standalone
combat use (mainly), and for use in cooperation with other weapons of the ship on commands from the central point of fire control.
The Roland anti-aircraft missile system was developed jointly by experts from France and Germany to combat enemy air means at ranges of up to 6 km at a flight altitude of 3 km. The base chassis for the launchers of the complex was the French battle tank AMX-30. In a single node on the launcher are located: radar for detecting air targets (range 15-18 km), target tracking radar (available only in the Roland-2 air defense system, its range is adequate to the range of the above station), optical sight, guidance system computers , two automatically guided guides on which one rocket is placed. Inside the installation are two drums (each with four missiles), an electric power source, a launch control panel and monitoring equipment. The combat weight of the installation is about 33 tons, the crew is three people (gunner-operator, commander-operator and driver-mechanic), there is protection against electromagnetic and infrared radiation. Taking into account the time for reloading and preparation for launching a subsequent rocket, the rate of fire is 2 rds / min.
In the mid-80s, two types of anti-aircraft missile systems were in service with France’s air defense systems: the Roland-1 anti-aircraft missile systems - to destroy air targets in conditions of good visibility and the Roland-2 anti-aircraft missiles - all-weather (out of 180 air defense systems, 100 are all-weather).
The anti-aircraft missile regiment of the Roland air defense system is designed to provide air defense for formations and units of the first echelon of the army corps at ranges up to 6 km and altitudes up to 3 km. It can be used by the commander, both in full force and on a battery, depending on the task at hand. The French army corps has two types of such regiments - anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft missile-artillery.
The anti-aircraft missile regiment consists of a control and maintenance battery and four fire batteries. There are 980 people in the regiment, 32 launchers of the Roland missile launcher, 32 VAB armored personnel carriers and 184 vehicles for various purposes.
The anti-aircraft missile and artillery regiment (Roland air defense system and anti-aircraft artillery, Fig. 3) includes a control and maintenance battery, three air defense missile systems and an anti-aircraft defense battery. In the regiment, there are 24 launchers of the Roland SAM, 12 30-mm self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, 24 VAB armored personnel carriers and 150 vehicles. The number of personnel of the regiment is 980 people (in the regiments of both types it is planned to have two reserve launchers for missiles and two armored personnel carriers).
The main combat unit of the regiments are the batteries of the Roland air defense system, consisting of two platoons (each has four launchers). A platoon provides air defense (cover) of a site with an area of \u200b\u200b100 km2 and up to 12 km of the route When making a march. Platoon launchers usually operate 3-4 km apart from one another. Each anti-aircraft missile regiment of the Roland air defense system, according to the Western press, is able to provide air cover for two regiments of the first echelon conducting offensive or defensive operations.
Sources of information
A.Tolin "ARTILLERY ANTI-AREA INSTALLATIONS". Foreign Military Review No. 1, 1985
Lt. Col. Engineer F. Viktorov
In plans to further increase the firepower of the ground forces, the American command pays great attention to the creation of the latest means of combating low-flying air targets, in particular short-range anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM).
Simulation of hostilities by foreign experts showed that the air defense of the ground forces is more effective if it is based on anti-aircraft missile systems, which are used in conjunction with anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft.
The foreign press reports that the air defense systems currently in service with the US ground forces are not effective in combating air targets flying at extremely low altitudes, and small-caliber anti-aircraft guns and portable systems like the Red Ai are not suitable for firing at ranges more than 2000 m. Therefore, in order to create a continuous air defense zone, it is considered necessary to have air defense systems that hit targets flying at altitudes from extremely small to 6 km and at ranges of up to 10 km. According to experts of the US Army, such complexes should meet the following basic requirements: in all conditions, provide a high probability of hitting all air targets, the speed of which is M \u003d 2, and the effective reflection surface is more than 0.1 m2; be in constant readiness to assess the air situation and detect targets while driving; have the recognition equipment "friend or foe"; have a short reaction time, high mobility and air transport. In addition, it is required that the maintenance of such complexes be simple, and their mass production is relatively cheap.
Work on the creation of air defense systems that meet the above requirements in the United States is carried out under the SHORAD (Short Range Air Defense) program, which provides for the purchase of the latest short-range air defense systems in European NATO countries, their comparative tests, the selection of the best option and its refinement in accordance with the latest requirements of the Pentagon, as well as mass production and delivery of the selected system to the troops.
American experts conducted comparative tests of the Franco-West German air defense system "Roland" 2, the French "Crotal" and the English "Rapier". The best results were shown by the Roland 2 complex. As reported in the foreign press, of the seven real launches of the Roland missile launcher, 2 six were successful. The equipment of this complex provided for the detection, recognition and tracking of more than 600 air targets flying at speeds of 25-400 m / s at altitudes from several tens of meters to 3 km.
After completion of the comparative tests, the Roland 2 air defense system was selected, and its production was entrusted to the Hughes and Boeing firms. In January 1975, the Pentagon concluded with them the first contract in the amount of 180.6 million dollars. According to this contract, during 1975-1977, the complex is supposed to be improved and comprehensively tested. Hughes was entrusted with the manufacture of an electronic optical sight, radar for detecting air targets, radar tracking and other electronic equipment, as well as the assembly of missiles. The Boeing company should produce a launcher, a fire control unit, a command transmitter, a warhead and missile body, display systems and ground equipment for the maintenance of the complex.
American experts are planning to mount an air defense system on an M553 Gower wheeled vehicle with a payload capacity of 8 tons. The analog computer will be replaced by a digital one and a miniature computer will be added to calculate the range to the target and determine the moment of rocket launch. Communication and testing equipment must comply with American standards. The equipment will use Mk12 “friend or foe” recognition equipment. In addition, the weight of the air defense system should not exceed 9 tons, which will allow it to be transported by one helicopter.
An order for mass production of a new air defense system is planned to be issued in the second half of 1977; the entry of air defense systems into the troops is expected in 1978-1979. Pentagon leaders believe that for the US ground forces it is necessary to deliver 300 systems and 6,000 missiles. It is estimated that the SHORAD program will cost $ 1.45 billion, of which $ 133.4 million is for development and testing. It includes the amount of payments to France and Germany for the acquisition of a license to manufacture the complex and interest payments for contracts signed by American firms. The term of the program is ten years.
During the implementation of this program, the Pentagon expects to expand military cooperation with France and Germany. In particular, it is assumed that US ground forces will take part in the tests of air defense systems together with specialists from Germany and France at American and European training grounds. The first joint tests of the Roland 2 air defense system will begin in 1976 at the Fort Bliss Army Range in Texas. It is planned to carry out nine missile launches at single and flying targets, In February 1976, tactical tests of air defense systems were to begin at the French training ground. At the final test phase, in the fall of 1977, 20-40 missile launches will be carried out on supersonic targets in difficult weather conditions and in the conditions of active radio countermeasures.For these tests, the United States provides the MQM-34D firing range and targets, and European countries - SAM and missiles for them.
Foreign experts believe that a modified version of the Roland 2 air defense system will be adopted for arming the ground forces of other countries participating in the NATO aggressive bloc.
Foreign Military Review, 1976 , No. 3, p. 42-44
The all-weather self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system Roland-2 with a radar tracking system was developed by Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (Germany) in conjunction with Aerospatiale-Matra (France) and is capable of destroying targets flying at speeds up to M \u003d 1.2 at altitudes from 15 m to 5.5 km and at ranges from 500 m to 6.3 km. Initially, the complex was created for the needs of the Bundeswehr, however, in view of the clear advantage of the new complex over the previously issued air defense systems Roland-1, the command of the French army decided to convert some of its complexes Roland-1 into the Roland-2 variant. Such an opportunity was provided by developers at the stage of creating the complex.
The Roland-2 air defense system can be deployed on various chassis: in the French Armed Forces - the chassis of the medium tank AMX-30, in the Bundeswehr - the chassis of the Marder infantry fighting vehicle. Combat crew of the air defense system consists of three people: the driver, commander and operator.
The layout of the Roland-2 air defense system is generally similar to that of the Roland-1 air defense system. On a unified rotating tower installed: beams for placing missiles, antenna radar detection, antenna radar tracking targets and missiles, optical and infrared tracking systems and antenna transmitter teams. Inside the launcher case, transmitters and receivers of target detection radars and target and missile tracking radars, a computing device, a control panel, two revolver-type magazines with eight missiles in transport and launch containers, a radio station, instrumentation and a power source are mounted. Guiding the beam-holders with containers in the elevation plane is carried out automatically along the target tracking line, in the azimuthal plane - by turning the tower.
It differs from its prototype SAM “Roland-2” by the presence of radar tracking the target and missiles, which ensures the functioning of the complex at any time of the day, regardless of weather conditions.
SAM "Roland-2" firing the same missiles as SAM "Roland-1". The solid-fuel rocket has its own weight of 62.5 kg, the weight of the fragmentation-cumulative warhead is 6.5 kg, including 3.3 kg of explosive. In addition to the contact fuse, the warhead also has a radio fuse that provides operation at a distance of 4 m from the target. The radius of expansion of 65 fragments is about 6 m. The missile is located in a sealed transport-launch container (TPK) and does not require inspections and checks. The weight of the equipped TPK is 85 kg, length - 2.6 m, diameter - 0.27 m. The duration of operation of the SNPE Roubaix solid propellant rocket engine with a thrust of 1600 kg is 1.7 s, it accelerates the rocket to a speed of 500 m / s. Marching rocket engine type SNPE Lampyre has a duration of 13.2 seconds. The maximum speed of the rocket is achieved at the end of the engine. The minimum flight time required to bring the rocket to the trajectory is 2.2 s. Flight time at maximum range - 13-15 s.
Aiming a missile at a target can be carried out using an optical infrared sight, while deviations of the missiles from a given course are entered into a calculating and decisive device, and guidance commands are automatically transmitted to the missile by a command transmitter. It is also possible guidance using a two-channel monopulse radar tracking targets and missiles. The transmitter of this radar is assembled on a magnetron. To reduce the influence of reflections from local objects in the station, Doppler filtering of reflected signals is used. The parabolic antenna is gyrostabilized in azimuth and elevation and has a radiation pattern of 2 ° in azimuth and 1 ° in elevation. The resolution of the station in range is 0.6 m. In the process of combat work, a quick switching of guidance modes is possible, which significantly increases the noise immunity of the Roland-2 complex.
The tracking radar is mounted on the front side of the chassis, it is a two-channel monopulse Doppler station of the Thomson-CSF Domino 30 type. The target is tracked by one channel, and the microwave source (transmitter) is captured on the rocket by the second channel. After the start, the IR range finder located on the antenna of the tracking radar is used to capture the missile at ranges of 500-700 m, since a narrow beam of tracking radar at these ranges is only being formed. Information about the deviation of the rocket from the line of sight (antenna-target) is converted by a calculating and deciding device into commands for deflecting the rudders of the rocket in the same way as when working in optical mode.
In both modes, the initial automatic target detection is carried out using a pulse Doppler surveillance radar type Siemens MPDR-16 D-band, the antenna of which rotates at a speed of 60 rpm. Surveillance radar has the ability to detect also hovering helicopters. When a target is detected, it is identified using the Siemens MSR-40015 interrogator (on the German chassis) or the LMT NRAI-6A type (French chassis), and then, upon the command of the air defense system commander, it is captured for escort.
To check the combat assets of the complex (except for SAM), control and testing equipment is used, which within 10 seconds reveals malfunctions.
The working time of the complex (from an alarm to the launch of missiles) during the shelling of the first target is 8-12 seconds. The preparations for launching and launching missiles, which take about 1 second, are automated. Taking into account the time for reloading and preparation for launching a subsequent rocket, the rate of fire is 2 rds / min.
In Germany, the Roland-2 anti-aircraft systems are equipped with anti-aircraft missile regiments of corps submission. Each regiment has six fire batteries with six launchers in each. In the French army, “Roland-2” complexes were equipped with anti-aircraft missile regiments of division and corps subordination (there are eight “Roland-1” air defense systems and eight “Roland-2” air defense systems in the regiment). It is believed that each such regiment is capable of providing reliable air defense of an area of \u200b\u200bup to 100 km2 or along a route of up to 20 km long.
The performance characteristics of the air defense system "Roland-2":
Firing Range, m: minimum - 500, maximum - 6200-6300;
The height of the defeat of the target, m: minimum - 15, maximum - 5500;
Missile "Roland":
Starting weight, kg: 66.5;
Length, mm: 2400;
Wingspan, mm: 500;
Maximum case diameter, mm: 160;
Maximum flight speed, m / s: 560;
Launcher on the Marder chassis:
Launcher weight, kg: 32500;
Crew, pers .: 3;
Ground pressure, kg / cm2: 0.93;
Length, m: 6.915;
Width, m: 3.24;
The height in the stowed position (antenna folded), m: 2.92;
Ground clearance, m: 0.44;
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h: 70;
Cruising range, km: 520;
Height of overcome obstacle, m; 1,5
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Anti-aircraft missile system Roland (France, Germany)
"Roland" is a German-French anti-aircraft missile system.SAM was developed in the 60s of the last century by the German company "Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm" together with the French company "Aerospatiale-Matra" for the armed forces of both countries. In 1977, the mass production of Roland-1 began.
The complex can be located on various chassis, namely, the chassis of the French medium tank AMX-30 or the chassis of a 6 × 6 ACMAT truck, as well as the chassis of a German Marder infantry fighting vehicle or the chassis of a 6 × 6, 8 × 8 MAN truck.
The Roland air defense missile system puts three people on alert - the driver, commander, and operator.
The complex was repeatedly modernized and improved in order to increase combat capabilities, or to equip the complex with modern equipment. Roland 2 was developed in 1981, and Roland 3 was launched in 1988. Today, the latest version of the family is in production - the Roland VT1 air defense system, which was developed in 1989. In total, more than 650 complexes of various modifications were produced.
The Roland VT1 air defense system is based on Roland 1. The complex has beams for deploying missiles, an antenna for detecting radar, an antenna for radar tracking targets and missiles, optical and infrared tracking systems and an antenna for a command transmitter. The complex is also equipped with transmitters and receivers of target and missile radars for target and missile tracking, a computer, a control panel, two turret-type stores with eight missiles in transport and launch containers, a radio station, instrumentation and a power source. Guiding the beam-holders with containers in the elevation plane is carried out automatically along the target tracking line, in the azimuthal plane - by turning the tower.
A solid-fuel rocket weighing 62.5 kg is installed on the Roland VT1 air defense system, which is located in a sealed transport and launch container (TPK) and does not require inspections and checks. The rocket is equipped with the SNPE Roubaix solid propellant rocket launch engine, which is capable of accelerating the rocket to a speed of 500 m / s.
The complex is equipped with an infrared optical sight, which makes it possible to direct the missile at the target, while deviations of the missiles from the set course are entered into the calculating and decisive device, and the guidance commands are automatically transmitted to the missile by the command transmitter. The radar transmitter is made on a magnetron. It is also worth noting that the complex has a two-channel monopulse radar, which allows you to track and track targets. The complex is also equipped with Doppler filtering of reflected signals, which can significantly reduce the effects of reflections from local objects. The Roland VT1 complex has a parabolic antenna, which is gyrostabilized in azimuth and elevation and has a radiation pattern of 2 ° in azimuth and 1 ° in elevation. In the process of combat work, rapid switching of guidance modes is possible, which significantly increases the noise immunity of the complex.
SAM Roland VT1 is in service with the army of Germany, France, Argentina, Brazil, Nigeria, Qatar, Spain and others.
(GERMANY, FRANCE)
In 1964, the French firm Aerospatiale and the German Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (MVV) began a joint effort to create an air defense system designed to destroy targets at low altitudes. Subsequently, the complex received the name "Roland". The French company Aerospatiale became the lead performer of the all-weather version of the Roland 1 version of the complex, while MVV (the current name of the company is DASA) began to develop an all-weather version of the complex - Roland 2. Now the joint company, and this is Euromissile (Euro-rocket), offers on the market the missiles of this system and the currently produced version of the complex - “Roland 3”.
The first tests of the "Roland" systems for the German armed forces took place in 1978, they went to replace the 40-mm anti-aircraft guns of the L / 70 type from Bofors. In 1981, the German armed forces officially received 140 Roland air defense systems. The first combat calculations were prepared at the air defense school, located in Rendsburg in 1980. In 1981, the 100th German Air Defense Regiment began rearmament, then in 1982 the 200th Regiment was rearmament and in July 1983 - 300- th regiment. Each regiment had one control battery, three
firing batteries (in each 12 firing nodes) and one providing battery. In the German army, the Roland complex is located on the Marder 1 chassis manufactured by Thyssen Henshel.
In December 1983, the Roland 3 complex (stationary version) was chosen to protect NATO airbases (USA and Germany) deployed in Germany. In total, 95 firing units were delivered, of which 27 covered 3 US air bases, 60 to 12 German airfields, the remaining 8 firing units were used for training. All 95 complexes served German combat crews. 20 Roland systems were designed to protect the three airfields of German naval aviation.
DELIVERY OF THE “ROLAND” COMPLEX BY TYPES OF ARMED FORCES
Subsequently, the complex was installed on an all-terrain vehicle (8x8 wheel arrangement) by MAN, which had several advantages, for example, a new three-seater cabin. In February 1988, AEG delivered the first fire control system, the command post, to the German Air Force. A total of 21 sets were delivered.
SAM "Roland 3"
A two-dimensional ASD with a linearly-frequency-modulated signal can distinguish an airplane from a helicopter, as well as detect anti-radiation missile (ARM) missiles and hovering helicopters. The maximum elevation angle when viewing a space is 60 ° from the smallest heights to a height of 6 km. Target detection range with an effective reflective surface of 1 m 2 ranges from 46 to 60 km.
The antenna is mounted on a mast hydraulically raised to a height of 12 m. The antenna system is fully deployed and put on alert in 15 minutes.
Two jobs were deployed in the operator section of the stationary version of the complex, one for analyzing the air situation, the second for operational management. The other two sections are an electronic complex and a complex of protection systems with a cooled transmitter, air conditioning.
The command post (FGR) detects targets (this allows the Roland complex not to include its own surveillance RAS, thereby increasing its survivability), processes information about the target and displays it on the air traffic indicator with an indication of the type of threat. The command post commander chooses one of his weapons. Up to 40 missile and anti-aircraft systems can lock into the control room. An extensive radio network and cable communication lines allow you to transfer all information about the target (target designation) to the selected weapon system so that timely detection and capture of the target for tracking occurs. Target designation for the target and the exchange of information with the selected firing system are transmitted via radio or wire communication lines. For the transmission of voice information, SEL SEM 80, SEM 90 radios or field telephones are used. The communication cycle is two seconds.
For joint combat use of the Roland and Gepard complexes in the German armed forces, a command post such as HflaAFuSys is used. It includes the RAS on the armored Marder 1 ICV chassis with a hydraulic tower (folds in half). At the top is a rotating RAS antenna, which allows three times to increase the line of sight. The calculation of this command post consists of four people. Equipment - indicator and electronic equipment MPDR 3002-S 2D E-band radar, friend or foe type DII 211 interrogator (formerly MSR400 / 9), two operator workstations, computer system for analyzing the air situation, communication system, power supply, cooling systems and hydraulic equipment. It has its own navigation system for precise topographic location.
Tests of the standard radar on the TUR chassis were completed at the end of 1988, and they began on the first prototype at the end of 1981.
DELIVERY OF THE COMPLEX "ROLAND"
Note. In addition to the 3770 missiles of the Roland 2 complex, mod.5, Germany has about 1030 missiles Ro.land 3, which are in service with the Air Force.
Currently, the Roland 2 complex is capable of destroying targets flying at speeds up to Ml, 2 at altitudes from 10 m to 5.5 km and at ranges from 500 m to 6.3 km.
The complex has optical and radar modes of combat work. In the process of combat work, a quick switching of modes is possible.
In both modes, the initial target detection occurs using a pulse Doppler surveillance radar type Siemens MPDR 16 D-band, rotating at a speed of 60 rpm and automatically detecting the target.
The radar has the ability to detect also hovering helicopters. When a target is detected, it is identified using a Siemens MSR-40015 interrogator (in a German chassis) or LMT NRAI-6A type (French chassis), and then it is captured to be tracked either by a tracking radar (radar mode), or by an operator using optical system (optical mode).
In optical mode, the missile is guided along the line of sight of the operator as follows. The sight measures the angular velocity of the target, the infrared range finder determines the deviation of the rocket relative to the guidance line. Using this data, the computer calculates the required guidance commands, which are transmitted to the rocket via a radio link. Signals are received by the missile, and its rudders deflect accordingly.
The tracking radar is mounted on the front side of the chassis, it is a two-channel monopulse Doppler station of the Thomson-CSF Domino 30 type. The target is tracked by one channel, and the microwave source (transmitter) is captured on the rocket by the second channel.
Complex "Roland-3" based on the American tracked conveyor M548
After the start, the IR range finder located on the antenna of the tracking radar is used to capture the missile at ranges of 500-700 m, since a narrow beam of tracking radar is only formed at these ranges. The second tracking channel is designed to guide the missile by transmitting commands on its board. Information about the deviation of the rocket from the line of sight (antenna-target) is converted by the computer into commands to deviate the rudders of the rocket in the same way as when working in optical mode.
As mentioned above, it is possible to switch from the optical guidance mode to radar and vice versa. In these situations, the target must be accompanied by firing units. Thereby significantly increasing the noise immunity of the Roland complex.
The two-stage solid-fuel rocket has a dead weight of 66.5 kg, of which the warhead is 6.5 kg, including 3.3 kg of explosive, which detonates from contact or non-contact fuses. The maximum striking radius of the expansion of 65 fragments is about 6 m plus the shock of the blast wave. The missile has a cruising speed of M1.6, length is 2.4 m, wingspan is 0.5 m, its diameter is 0.16 m. The missile is located in the container (TPK), which is used to launch it. The weight of the equipped TPK is 85 kg, length 2.6 m, diameter 0.27 m.
The duration of operation of a solid propellant rocket accelerator of the SNPE Roubaix type with a thrust of 1600 kg is 1.7 s, it accelerates the rocket to a speed of 500 m / s.
The SNPE Lampyre rocket engine has a duration of 13.2 s, is located in front of the accelerator, turns on 0.3 s after the accelerator is shot. The maximum speed of the rocket is achieved at the end of the engine. The minimum flight time required to bring the rocket to the trajectory is 2.2 s. The maximum flight time is 13-15 s.
Two missiles are constantly ready for launch, and the remaining 8 missiles are in revolver-type stores (each with 4 missiles).
The upgraded missile of the Roland 3 complex has an increased flight speed (570 m / s compared to 500 m / s) and a range of destruction (8 km instead of 6.3 km). It was adopted in 1989 and, while maintaining its previous size, the missile has a warhead weighing 9.2 kg, which contains 5 kg of explosive and 84 fragments to increase the damaging effect.
The improved contact fuse is connected to a new fragmentation warhead, which has a maximum fragmentation velocity of 5000 m / s (increased by 2.5 times compared to the Roland 2 rocket). This increases the destructive radius of the fragments. The maximum flight time is approximately 16 s, the weight of the rocket is 75 kg, and in the container - 95 kg.
The operating time of the new rocket accelerator determines the minimum effective range of destruction (500 m), but at the same time, the maximum height of the targets hit is increased by 500 m, and it is 6 km. The value of the target’s overload has also increased (up to 9g), in which the rocket will destroy it at the far border of the affected area.
The preparation time for launching the first rocket is six seconds, for the launch of the second, depending on the type of target, it takes from two to six seconds. The reload time of a rocket from a revolving magazine is six seconds. New missile ammunition can be charged for 2-5 minutes.
If it is necessary to cover airbases or other important facilities, eight Roland systems can be combined into a single air defense system, as was done in Germany. Up to 6 Roland complexes can interact with each other, forming a network of mutual cover. Anti-aircraft guns and man-portable air defense systems can receive information about all the targets detected and followed by the Roland complex.
In 1988, the French and German ministries of defense adopted a program for the modernization of the Roland air defense systems in order to extend their operation until 2010.
It is planned to replace the existing optical sight with the GLAIVE integrated optical sight, which provides the third mode (IR) of the complex to fire at the target, as well as simplifying the human-machine interface by using microprocessors located in the cockpit and computer equipment known as the BKS system code.
In 1992, Euromissile created a prototype of the Roland M3S air defense system, which was intended for export. It was offered to Thailand and Turkey to create an air defense system at low altitudes.
The Roland M3S complex has a Dassault Electronique Rodeo 4 (or Thomson-CSF) radar and can be serviced by one person, although two people are required to conduct long-term military operations.
The operator can choose any detection mode, for example, radar, TV or optical. The standard armament of the Roland M3S complex consists of four Roland missiles, combat-ready and located on the launcher. Other types of missiles are used, for example two Matra missiles. Four missiles of the Stinger MANPADS or new VT-1 missiles of the Krotal complex can also be mounted.
The Roland complex was in the US National Guard, but was withdrawn from service in September 1988.
The Roland complex is in service with a number of countries. Brazil received 4 "Roland 2" Marder from Germany along with 50 missiles. In 1984, the Spanish Ministry of Defense chose the Roland complex to equip its mobile batteries with low-altitude air defense, and a contract was signed to integrate and jointly produce this weapon system (9 all-weather systems and 9 all-weather on the AMX-30 MW chassis with 414 missiles).
Argentina used the Falkland War of 1982 to protect the city of Port Stanley from air strikes by British naval aviation stationary version of the complex "Roland". From 8 to 10 missiles were fired and one Sea Harrier aircraft and two 454 kg bombs were shot down. During the landing of the British troops, the complex was captured intact.
Iraq also used its Roland systems in the war against Iran.
NUMBER OF ROLAND COMPLEXES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
In November 1986, the Qatar army placed an order for three batteries, three complexes each. One battery used an AMX-30 type chassis, and the other two used a stationary type. The supply and training of combat crews was completed in 1989. In early 1991, the Roland complex (on the chassis and stationary) was used by Iraq in the 1991 war against coalition forces (Operation Desert Storm). It is believed that the Roland systems shot down two Tornado aircraft.
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKETS
“Roland 2” “Roland 3” Maximum range of destruction, km 6.3 8.0
Defeat height, km: maximum 5.5 6.0
minimum 0.01 0.01
Length, m 2.4 2.4
Diameter, m 0.16 0.16
Wingspan, m 0.5 0.5
Weight, kg 66.5 75.0
The mass of the warhead, kg 6.5 9.5
Type of high-explosive fragmentation warhead
with contact and non-contact fuses Guidance method missiles command guidance
Maximum speed, m / s 500 570
Charging time (from stores), from 6 6
TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHASSIS TYPE "MARDER 1"
Crew 3
Combat weight kg 32 500
Ground pressure, kg / cm 2 0,93
Chassis length, m 6.915
Chassis width, m 3.24
Height (with folded antenna), m 2.92
Ground clearance, m 0.44
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h 70
Fuel reserve, l 652
Maximum range, km 520
Height of overcome obstacle, m 1,5
Gradient 60
Power Supply, 24 Armament Roland twin launcher
with two rockets, a 7.62 mm machine gun