What is the source and mouth of the hangar. Rivers flowing from Baikal
The Angara River flows from the great Lake Baikal, and it is the only river flowing from it. Each year, the Angara from Baikal carries about sixty cubic kilometers of water. The source of the river has a gap of one kilometer wide, it is located on the side of the Primorsky ridge. A significant number of rivers emerge from a small brook, and it turns into a full-flowing river thanks to the many tributaries after several tens of kilometers. As for the Angara River, it immediately appears from Lake Baikal in a wide stream, overcomes the Shamansky threshold and goes towards the Yenisei. Where is ?
The area of \u200b\u200bthe Angara basin is over 1000 thousand square kilometers. The hangar is shallow at the source, mainly the depth is about two meters, in some places it increases to six meters. The current velocity depends on the level of Baikal. If the level is high, then the speed starts from one meter per second, but at a low level to five meters per second. Baikal water is so transparent that on the river bottom you can see rapidly running water, stones are also clearly visible. Note that approximately 1920 cubic meters of water passes through the source every second. Look at here.
Features of the Angara River
The source of the Angara in winter almost does not freeze. And we are not talking about fast river flow. Water enters the river directly from the deep layers of Lake Baikal, where it is warmer than the surface layers. Before cooling off from the source, water along the river will run for another ten kilometers, only then it will cool and freeze. A whole group of waterfowls winter in the large wormwood of the source, so in 1995 the Irkutsk regional executive committee decided to assign the status of a natural zoological monument to the source of the Angara. Birds flock to the source in the morning; they get here the hamarus crustacean. In the evenings, the source turns into an overnight place for Baikal hummocks. Sri Lanka city. Find out all about the city and its attractions here.
It is noteworthy that six species of waterfowl constantly winter at the source. Most of them are mergansers and gogol. You can often see dippers here. Occasionally found: long-nosed merganser, sea eel, loot, crested blacken. Also close to the source of the river are golden eagles and white-tailed eagles. The Angara River runs 1860 kilometers before reaching the Yenisei River.
The name of the Angara is literally translated as "the mouth of an animal" or "mouth", although the figurative meaning means "gorge" or "cleft." Similar words are found in almost all Trans-Baikal peoples, for this reason it is difficult to say which people called this majestic river by that name. Therefore, the name is considered international. History remembers that the Angara was called the Upper Tunguska, simply Tunguska or Lower Angara. In this case, the source of the river consisted of many rapids, rifts, shiver. This forced the ships that passed the source of the Angara to carry out complex maneuvers.
The shamanic threshold was the main threshold, because it is here that the outstanding and famous Shaman-stone is located. Note that downstream there are many rifts, rapids and picturesque islands. Chekhov, who traveled here, compared the shores of the Angara with Switzerland. The Angara River appeared before him a powerful, beautiful and fast-moving mountain river, which was rich in fish. In the hangar below Bratsk they caught a sterlet, the weight of one individual could reach the pond. Four-pood sturgeons were also caught here. Therefore, the Angara River has long been such a popular place among avid fishermen. The surroundings of the river are majestic and beautiful landscapes.
The emergence of the Angara River
Even today, experts have not come to an exact opinion on the origin of the Angara. According to scientific studies, the river appeared relatively recently, at least by geological standards. It is believed that before the formation of the Angara, the Baikal runoff went on a different path. Some researchers report that the source of the Angara was formed about 15-20 thousand years ago, although other experts call it a later age. It is not possible to precisely determine this moment.
Researchers believe that the Angara River was formed due to an earthquake that destroyed the earth's crust in the region of the Primorsky Range. But others say that the reason was the increase in the level of Lake Baikal, which led to the destruction of mountain range rocks by lake water. An interesting hypothesis is the existence in ancient times on the site of the river channel of other rivers. For example, such rivers could be: ancient Selenga, Barguzin or Upper Angara. Selenga is called the most suitable option in this hypothesis. Since the morphologically Baikal sections of these rivers are connected into one system. Also, the Selenga and Angara valleys have a similar geological structure.
A scientific mystery remains some of the emergence of the Angara River. But for what reason the great Siberian river died - this is a well-known fact, because it was destroyed in front of many people. The first pontoon bridge was built across the Angara in 1891. On the day the bridge was opened, Tsarevich Nikolai drove through Irkutsk. For about 45 years, the pontoon bridge was operated. Glazkovsky bridge was built in 1931-36, it is the first such construction that connected the left bank of the city with the center.
According to an old Siberian legend, Angara fled from the stern father of Lake Baikal towards the Yenisei. The stone shaman was cast by Baikal so that the naughty daughter would stop. This stone today is located in the very center of the source of the Angara, near the village of Listvyanka. The Angara River occupies a special place in art; it can be found in the tales of Vasily Panteleimonovich Starodumov and in the novel by Valentin Rasputin. Today, a large number of tourists come to the Angara River to see its natural attractions, as well as listen to legends and stories associated with it. In its vicinity you can often meet local residents gathered for a picnic.
The Angara River is a river in Eastern Siberia, the largest right tributary of the Yenisei, the only river flowing from Lake Baikal. It flows through the territory of the Irkutsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia. Geographical position The basin area is 1,040 thousand km 2, including 468 thousand km 2 without the basin of Lake Baikal. The hangar begins from Baikal with a stream 1.1 km wide and flows first in a northerly direction. The section from the source to the city of Irkutsk is the Irkutsk reservoir. In the north-west of the Irkutsk region on the Angara, there is the Bratsk reservoir, on which the Bratsk hydroelectric station stands. After the bend on the Angara River, below the Bratsk Reservoir, Ust-Ilimskoye is located. Then the river turns west - to the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where it flows into the Yenisei near Lesosibirsk. The origin of the Angara is associated with the nature of the morphology of the river valley at the source, resembling a cleft, a gorge along which the Angara breaks out of Lake Baikal.
Three hydroelectric power plants were built on the river, which form the Angarsk cascade of hydroelectric power stations: in order from the source - Irkutsk, Bratsk and Ust-Ilim. The fourth stage of the cascade, the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric station, is under construction. In the future, it is planned to build the Nizhneangarsk cascade of hydroelectric power stations. Before the construction of the hydroelectric power station, safe shipping was not possible due to rapids on the river, which was a serious obstacle to the development of the region. The passage of ships was possible in the lower reaches from the Yenisei to the Boguchansky rapids, and in the upper reaches from Baikal to the Padunsky rapids. A raft rafting of the forest was also carried out on the river. As of 2009, river transport is possible in four isolated sections: the Angara part of the Irkutsk reservoir without Lake Baikal (52 km); from the dam of the Bratsk hydroelectric station to the Irkutsk hydroelectric station (606 km); Ust-Ilimsk Reservoir (292 km); from the Yenisei to the Boguchany rapids (445 km). Angara in the Boguchansky district After the completion of the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station - with a reservoir of 375 km in length - it will be possible to pass vessels with low draft throughout the river, provided that the Angara hydroelectric facilities are equipped with locks or ship elevators. The section of the stream below the Boguchany rapids to the mouth remains shallow and inaccessible to river-sea vessels.
Angara is a river in Eastern Siberia, the largest of the right tributaries of the Yenisei and the only river that takes Lake Baikal as its source. This river attracts people keen on outdoor activities, including fishing. It flows through the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory of Russia.
Translated from Buryat anga means “open”, “open”, “open”, as well as “ravine”, “cleft”, “gorge”. In historical sources, the Angara River was first mentioned in the XIII century under the name Ankara-Muren. Initially, the lower reaches of the river from the confluence of the Ilim tributary had a different name - Upper Tunguska.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe Angara basin is 1,040 thousand square meters. km, including without the basin of Lake Baikal 468 thousand square meters. km The hangar begins from Baikal with a wide stream as wide as 1100 m and flows first to the north. Several reservoirs were built on the Angara:
- from the source to the city of Irkutsk - the Irkutsk reservoir.
- in the north-west of the Irkutsk region on the Angara there is the Bratsk reservoir, on which the famous Bratsk hydroelectric station stands.
- after a bend on the Angara, below the Bratsk reservoir, Ust-Ilimskoye is located.
Then the river turns west - to the Krasnoyarsk Territory, where it flows into the near to Lesosibirsk.
At the confluence of the Yenisei, the Angara River twice wider than the great Siberian river flowing into the Arctic Ocean. But it so happened historically that the water stream was called Yenisei. It not only already, but also has muddy water, and our beauty has clear water, and every pebble is visible on the river bottom. After the reunification, a single water stream flows like this - on the right is clear water, and on the left is muddy. Only after Lesosibirsk, the Baikal and Yenisei water begin to mix, and the border between them is eroded. There are no further differences, and the Yenisei, which has spilled into its vast expanse, carries powerful waters to the far North.
Where to swim in the hangar in winter
After active intervention in the fantasy of human hands nature expressed in the form of the construction of the Irkutsk, Bratsk and Ust-Ilim hydropower plants, the Angara river does not freeze below these hydropower plants, because the water heated in reservoirs during the summer period does not have time to cool down, and there is a thermal influx from the GSE energy from technological equipment.
(function (w, d, n, s, t) (w [n] \u003d w [n] ||; w [n] .push (function () (Ya.Context.AdvManager.render ((blockId: "RA -256054-1 ", renderTo:" yandex_rtb_R-A-256054-1 ", async: true));)); t \u003d d.getElementsByTagName (" script "); s \u003d d.createElement (" script "); s .type \u003d "text / javascript"; s.src \u003d "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async \u003d true; t.parentNode.insertBefore (s, t);)) (this , this.document, "yandexContextAsyncCallbacks");
The source of the river also does not freeze, despite the fact that Lake Baikal itself is icy. It’s just that water does not flow into the Angara from the very surface of the lake, but from a certain depth, where the water temperature is certainly above 0 ° C, plus a fast flow. Apparently, therefore, waterfowl come here for the winter, i.e. for some, the south is on the Hangar.
Bird winter cottage on the hangar
In general, in North Asia this is the only permanent bird wintering. Mostly winter here:
- black and white gogol,
- long-nosed
- ordinary mergansers,
- sailor.
In fact, there are not so many birds at the source of the Angara - by the beginning of December 1200 - 1500 birds are going to, by the end of the month - not less than 2000.
Until 1956, i.e. Before the construction of the reservoir of the Irkutsk hydroelectric station, there were several times more birds.
Experts still have not come to a unified and confident opinion on the issue of the appearance of the Angara. According to scientific studies, the river appeared relatively recently, at least by geological standards. It is believed that before the formation of the Angara, the runoff from Lake Baikal followed a different path. Some researchers report that the source of the Angara was formed about 15-20 thousand years ago, although other experts call it a later age. A bunch of uncertainty is shorter. We paid attention to the phrase "the source of the Angara", i.e. the source was somehow formed by itself, and then the river was still looking for a separate path for itself.
It is also believed that the Angara was formed due to an earthquake that destroyed the earth's crust in the region of the Primorsky ridge. Others adhere to the version that Baikal rose - it was necessary to pour water somewhere. An interesting hypothesis is the existence in ancient times on the site of the river channel of other rivers. For example, such rivers could be: ancient Selenga, Barguzin or Upper Angara. Selenga is called the most suitable option in this hypothesis.
According to an old Siberian legend, Angara fled from the stern father of Lake Baikal towards the Yenisei. The stone shaman was cast by Baikal so that the naughty daughter would stop. This stone today is located in the very center of the source of the Angara, near the village.
Shipping on the Hangar
The Angara River is navigable in the summer months. There is no single waterway from Baikal to the Yenisei. In total there are 4 sections isolated from each other.
- The first section from Irkutsk to Baikal along the Irkutsk reservoir.
- The second section from Irkutsk to the Bratsk hydroelectric station. It is the longest and is equal to 610 km.
- The third section is the waters of the Ust-Ilim reservoir from Bratsk to Ust-Ilimsk. Its length is 290 km.
- And the last stretch stretches from the Yenisei River to the Boguchansky rapids. Its length is 440 km.
Thus, you can’t swim from Irkutsk to Krasnoyarsk.
The Angara River occupies a special place in art; it can be found in the tales of Vasily Starodumov and in the novel by Valentin Rasputin. Today, a large number of tourists come to the Angara River to see its natural attractions, as well as listen to legends and stories associated with it. In its vicinity you can often meet a company of local residents gathered for a picnic.
There is a beautiful legend about its occurrence. Angara, the daughter of Lake Baikal, having escaped from under his power, rushed for the distance distant to the Yenisei. Angry Baikal trying to stop the naughty daughter threw a huge stone after her. And today this stone stands at the source of the Angara from the lake. They say that if he were removed, then Baikal would have rushed after his daughter and flooded everything around.
Length: 1779 kilometers.
Catchment basin area: 1,040,000 km. sq.
Average water consumption: 4530 m3 / s. The water supply system is regulated by numerous reservoirs that carry out long-term and seasonal regulation.
Where does it flow: as mentioned above, the river originates from Lake Baikal. In the place of the source, right in the middle of the channel, a stone shaman sticks out of the ground. It blocked the channel and is a natural dam. The name of the river comes from the Buryat root “anga”, which means “uncovered”, as well as “ravine”. Pretty logical to admit the name. And the legend about the formation of the river, apparently, has some reason. Perhaps in the past, Baikal did not have a drain. Before the confluence with the Yenisei, the river flows through the territory of the Irkutsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. At first, the Angara flows for a long time mainly to the north, beyond Ust-Ilimsky it turns west and flows already through the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. It falls into the Yenisei Angara near Lesosibirsk.
Main tributaries: Irkut, Oka, Oia, Taseeva, Ilim. You can also take into account the rivers flowing into Lake Baikal: Selenga, Barguzin, Upper Angara.
Big cities on the banks of the river: Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Boguchany, etc.
Hangar on the boat:
Household Use Hangar2adad
The river has a significant elevation of 380 meters. Moreover, from the source it is already a full-flowing river, so the hydropower potential of the river is huge. For its use, the Angarsk cascade of hydroelectric power plants was built: Irkutsk, Bratsk and Ust-Ilim. Since 1974, the fourth Boguchanskaya hydroelectric station has been under construction. She should earn all her strength in May 2013. And in May of this year, flooding of lands under the reservoir began. It is also planned to build the Nizhneangarsk cascade of hydroelectric power stations. Therefore, soon, the entire Angara can turn into a continuous cascade of hydroelectric power stations. In addition to electricity, the construction of a hydroelectric station will also allow navigation throughout the river.
By the way, after the construction of the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station, the level of water in the source of the Angara has risen and today, only the apex 1-1.5 meters high remains from the legendary Shaman-stone. The project of stone blasting was seriously discussed, then Baikal water would freely flow onto the turbines of the power plant. If this project were implemented, the water level in Baikal would have decreased by 2 meters. It was not realized only because scientists pointed to the possibility of an unforeseen geological displacement in the event of the destruction of the stone. What is not the implementation of an ancient legend.
The group "Alice" in the song "Crying" mentioned the Shaman-stone. Video:
Photo. Shaman stone.
The ecological situation on the river is rather poor. A large amount of wastewater is thrown into it; the Angara basin is second only to the Volga basin in their volume. Already lower than Irkutsk, the first major city after the source, the quality of the waters is estimated to be moderate to very dirty.
In art, Angara left a rather significant mark:
1) The hangar is a character in the tales of Vasily Panteleimonovich Starodumov.
2) The action of the play by A. Arbuzov “Irkutsk history”, takes place on its shores
3) Yevgeny Yevtushenko wrote the poem “Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station”, which tells about the construction of a hydroelectric power station in Bratsk.
4) A. Pakhmutova - song “Girls dance on the deck” (1963)
5) V. Rasputin. The story "Live and Remember"
6) During the construction of dams, significant territories were flooded. I had to resettle a large number of people. Valentin Rasputin talks about this in his novel Farewell to Matera. Although, probably, there will not be such a reservoir, the formation of which would not have to flood people's homes. People have always settled on the banks of rivers. And during flooding, ancient archaeological sites are often permanently destroyed as well. There is simply not a writer for every dam.
By the way, Rasputin Valentin, together with Kurbatov Valentin Yakovlevich and Ostrov studio, filmed a film about the Angara. They just managed to visit the already flooded lands during the construction of the Boguchanskaya hydroelectric station.
The river of life. part 1. DEAD WATER
Traveling along a part of a river flooded by reservoirs:
The river of life. part 2. "LIVING WATER"
Journey through the lands then still unfrozen (today they are already under water):
PS: based on the novel "Farewell to Matera" the film " Parting "(1987).
It flows in Eastern Siberia through the territory of the Irkutsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The source of the Angara River is located between Listvyanka and Baikalk villages of the Irkutsk Region. The Angara flows out of Lake Baikal over a wide, more than 1 kilometer, channel-gorge. The mouth is located near the village of Ust-Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, where the river flows into the Yenisei.
The length of the Angara River is 1779 kilometers, the catchment area is 1,039,000 km 2 . The total fall of the Angara River is 380 meters, the slope is 0.2 m / km.
From the source of the Angara flows northward. Between Baikal and Irkutsk, the Irkutsk reservoir was created on the river. In the middle course in the north-west of the Irkutsk region, after the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric station, the Bratsk reservoir was formed. Lower Bratsk begins the upper section of the Ust-Ilim reservoir. On the site of the Boguchansky reservoir, the Angara turns west towards the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Yenisei.
Settlements.
In the upper reaches on the banks of the Angara are the cities of Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoe and in the Cheremkhovsky district of Svirsk.
In the middle reaches, the largest settlements are the cities of Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk.
In 1989, the city of Kodinsk, the administrative center of the Kezhemsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, was built in the lower reaches of the Angara.
Read more about settlements located on the banks of the Angara
Islands on the Hangar.
On the Angara there are many large and small islands, starting from the city of Irkutsk. Their list is from source to mouth
Driveways.
The main transport hubs on the Angara are Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoe, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk. At the source on the shore of Lake Baikal is Listvyanka. Read more about transport links along the river.
The main tributaries.
More than 500 tributaries flow into the Angara. The longest of them is the right tributary of Chadobets, with a length of 647 kilometers. The second longest is the left tributary of the Oka 630 kilometers.
Other largest right tributaries of the Angara are Ilim 589 kilometers, Irkineev 363 kilometers, Kamenka 313 kilometers.
The left largest tributaries of the Angara are Irkut 488 kilometers, Kova 452 kilometers, Belaya 359 kilometers, Mura 330 kilometers, Kitoy 316 kilometers.
For a more detailed list of the main tributaries of the Angara, see
Relief and soil.
The Upper Angara area is characterized by a wide strip of calm relief rich in minerals, mica, coal, marble, gypsum, and salt.
The Middle Angara region is located in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau. The territory of the Middle Angara region has the shape of a triangle, at the tops of which are settlements Zima, Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky and Tayshet, and in the center - the city of Bratsk. The terrain is indented by the deep valleys of the Angara and its tributaries Oka, Ilim, Chuna. Numerous exits of the ramps form rocky gorges and stone rapids.
The main raw materials in the Middle Angara region are iron ores of the Angara-Ilim, Angara-Chunsky, Angara-Katsky and Lower Tunguska regions, Belozimsky apatite and Nizhneudinsky manganese ores, mica, gold and salt deposits.
In the lower reaches of the Angara flows within the Central Siberian Plateau. The relief of the Krasnoyarsk Angara region is strongly crossed. The eastern and middle parts rise more than 500 meters above sea level.
In the lower part of the Angara basin and many of its tributaries cross the ancient and heavily indented Yenisei Ridge. The average height of the ridge is 800-900 meters, in places it exceeds 1000 meters.
In the Angara basin, sod-podzolic and sod-podzolic glandular soils prevail. In the upper reaches are gray forest, mountain sod and humus-carbonate soils. In the middle course, mountain sod-taiga and forge podzolic soils.
Vegetation.
The vegetation in the Angara basin is mainly represented by pine mid- and south-taiga Central Siberian with Siberian larch forests. In the upper reaches below Irkutsk, the South Siberian-Mongolian steppes. In the middle and lower reaches, the southern coniferous mountain forests of South Siberia from Siberian spruce and Siberian fir.
Hydrological regime.
Freeze on the Angara is usually observed from the first half of November to the second half of May.
The main drain of the Angara is regulated by hydroelectric power plants, the formed reservoirs carry out seasonal and multi-year regulation. In summer and autumn, water levels are on average 1.5-2.5 meters lower than winter.
The tributaries of the Angara are characterized by a pronounced spring flood, which is observed in late April-mid-June. The rise of levels at this time is 4-6 meters. Tape-fall low levels sometimes rise due to rain floods.
The maximum amplitude of water level fluctuations per year on the Angara River at Boguchany reaches 8.3 meters and at Kamenka - 10 meters. Here, the maximum rises in water level are due to ice congestion in the spring. In the middle rivers of the basin, the fluctuation of water levels is from 4 to 6 meters, and in congestion-hazardous areas they reach 11 meters.
At the source of the Angara, the average water discharge is 1 855 m³ / s. Near Bratsk, it reaches already 2,814 m³ / s (maximum 14,200 m³ / s). At the mouth, the average water discharge is 4,530 m³ / s, which corresponds to approximately 143 km³ per year. In May 1966, the maximum monthly average discharge was recorded - 12,600 m³ / s.
Water quality.
The concentration of industrial enterprises on the banks of the Angara River leads to a deterioration in the quality of natural waters as a result of discharges of contaminated wastewater. In terms of insufficiently purified water, the Angarsk basin is the second after the Volga.
The Bratsk and Ust-Ilim reservoirs suffer most from sewage. Angara water is characterized by a high content of mercury, copper, iron, oil products, nitrogen, and organic substances.
The amount of pollutants in water, bottom sediments, fish can exceed tens, and sometimes hundreds of maximum permissible concentrations.
Ichthyofauna.
More than 30 species of fish are found in the Angara: black grayling, Siberian roach, perch, Siberian dace, taimen, lenok, sterlet, whitefish, tugun, trout, rotan, eastern bream, Baikal omul, Siberian grayling, pike, burbot, gobies, crucian carp, peled.
You can read more about ichthyofauna of the Angara
Tourism and rest.
The sufficiently rich species composition of the ichthyofauna makes the Angara and its reservoirs attractive for recreational fishing.
On the banks of the Angara are cities and towns that have historical and tourist significance.
Irkutsk rich in its history and architecture can offer visitors to the city to visit and explore many museums, historical buildings, churches. In 1970, Irkutsk was included in the list of protected Russian cities with the preservation of ancient buildings and layouts.
In Listvyanka, there is the Baikal Limnological Museum with an aquarium of the fauna of Lake Baikal, the Baikal Astrophysical Observatory, the Shaman Stone and other objects attractive for tourists.Hangar
Length: 1779 km
Pool area: 1,039,000 km²
Pool: Kara Sea
River basin: Yenisei
Water consumption: 4530 m³ / sec. (at the mouth)
Slope: 0.2 ‰
Source: Lake Baikal, Listvyanka village, Irkutsk region, Irkutsk region
Altitude: 456 m
Coordinates:
Latitude: 51 ° 52′1.43 ″ N
Longitude: 104 ° 49′8.66 ″ E
Mouth: Yenisei River, the village of Ust-Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Altitude: 76 m
Coordinates:
Latitude: 58 ° 6′8.74 ″ N
Longitude: 92 ° 59′59.96 ″ E