Why fitness is relative. The fitness of organisms to the habitat, its relative character

Explaining based on natural selection The origin of species as a grand and comprehensive process of consistent replacement of devices, Darwin's theory also explained the phenomenon of the expedient structure of organic forms. Forms of adaptations as a reflection of feasibility are infinitely diverse: the swimming bubble in the body of the fish is filled with air and facilitates the mass of her body; overcome the swamps more conveniently on long legs with widespread fingers, like Herons, or with wide hooves, like an elk; In jumping animals, the hind limbs are stronger (kangaroo, grasshopper, frog). In animals leading the underground lifestyle, the limb of a vintage form and are adapted for the digging of the earth. There are appropriate devices in plants and animals for daily and annual fluctuations in temperature and humidity.

Adherents of idealistic views and servants of the church in the phenomena of the adaptability of organisms and their expedient structure saw the expression of the total harmony of nature outgoing, allegedly, from her creator. The theory of Ch. Darwin rejects any participation in the emergence of devices of supernatural forces, she convincingly proved that the whole animal and vegetable world Since its appearance, it is improved along the path of expedient devices to habitat: to water, air, sunlight, gravity strength. Amazing harmony of wildlife, its perfection is created by nature itself: the struggle for survival. This struggle is that the strength that gives the fortress to the roots, the sophisticated beauty of flowers, causes a bizarre mosaic of the spot location and hides the teeth, gives the mighty power of muscles, visual sharpness, hearing, and alone many animals.

Fitness as an expression of feasibility is manifested in everything. For example, predators have claws, fangs, beaks, poisonous teeth, from which the victim is very difficult to escape. But in the struggle for life, the means of protection were developed: one forces respond by force, other feet saved, thirdly had a sink, shell, needles, etc., many weak and defenseless insects, being harmless or edible, for many years of natural selection He took over the color and shape of the sherry, OS, became similar to poisonous or inedible forms. Their intelligent color or form at the same time is a guard, as it coincides with the background of the environment: it makes predators in inconspicuous and helps them sneak up to mining, pursued species makes it possible to hide from enemies. If insects pursued by birds did not have coloring under the color of green grass or wood bark, they would have destroyed the feathers. The plumage of the tundra partridge is merged with the tone of rocks and vertices covered with lichens, the Valdshnep is immeasured among the dried and fallen oak foliage, etc. The expressed adaptive character is the ability of animals to take a "threatening" or "frightening" color and position: the caterpillars of the wine brahnik there are in front of Blood-like stains, at the time of danger, she lifts the front of the body, scaring these birds.

A variety of devices exclude the possibility of self-pollution in most plants, allow them to spread the fruits and seeds or thanks to the spines to resist the eating herbivores. The aroma and bright coloring of flowers arose as adaptations to attract insects, which, visiting flowers, cross these plants crosswise, or as a device to a more efficient absorption of the sun's rays of a certain length.

Protective coloration. The patronage of color is developed in the species that live openly and can be available to enemies. Such color makes organisms less noticeable against the background of the surrounding area. In some there are a bright pattern (painting at zebra, tiger, giraffe) - alternation of light and dark stripes and stains. This dismembering color seems to simulate light and shadow stains.

Disguise. Masking - a device in which the body shape and the color of the animal merges with the surrounding items. For example, the caterpillars of some butterflies on the shape of the body and the color resemble the bitch.

Mimicry. Mimicry - imitation of a less protected organism of one species to a more protected organism of another species. This imitation can manifest itself in the shape of the body, color, etc. So, some types of unseated snakes and insects are like poisonous. Mimicry - the result of selection of similar mutations different species. It helps unprotected animals to survive, contributes to the preservation of the body in the struggle for existence.

Warning (threatening) Color Types often have a bright, memorable color. Once trying to taste an unbearable cow, the bird, the bird will remember their bright color for his whole life.

(According to the personal page of Ivanova Andrei)

In the teaching on the natural selection of Darwin not only materialistically substantiated the adaptation of organisms (their expedient structure), but also showed its relative nature. So, preventive and patronage color, various other protective devices act far from all pursuers, but, having adaptations, the individual is less likely to be attacked. Holders of sting - wasps, bees, hornets - without difficulty eating mukholovki, chubs. Fly fish, jumping out of the water into the air, is cleverly saved from the predatory fish, but the Albatros enjoys it, overtaking its prey in the air. Turtle shell - good defense, however, the eagle raises it into the air and throws on the rocks; The shell is broken, and the eagle eats the turtle.

Each animal and plant cannot be fully adapted to all the conditions, which have been overwhelmed throughout the living. Any fixture is preserved until it is supported by natural selection, but disappears as soon as it ceases to be useful. As an example of the change of fixtures, the development of the patronage color has a butterfly of birch spin.

Thus, the basis of the theory of Darwin is the doctrine of natural selection - the main and guiding factor of evolution. In the struggle for existence on the basis of hereditary variability, there is a consistent change of fixtures and survival of the most adapted, the diversity of wildlife forms is increasing, the process of speciation is performed and the general progressive development of the plant and the animal world is carried out. In this theory, there were resolution of two problems: the mechanism of the speciation and the origin of the expediency of the organic world.

The fitness of the organisms as a result of evolution (T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. Biology in tables. M., 2000)

Indicators of fitness	Plants	Animals
Methods for mining food	The absorption of water and mineral salts is ensured by the intensive development of roots and root hairs; The absorption of solar energy is carried out most successfully wide and thin leaves; Capture and digestion by marsh plants insects and small amphibians	Comicing leaves in high trees; Capture using a network and towing power facilities; The special structure of the octopic organs ensures the catching of insects from long, narrow holes, the bone of grass, catching flying insects; Grappling and retention predatory mammals and birds
Damage protection	Have spines providing protection from herbivores; contain poisonous substances; the rosette shape of the leaves is not available for blending	Saved fast running; have needles, shells, scareting the smell and other protection; The patronage of color saves under certain conditions
Adaptation to abiotic factors (to cold)	Focusing; cold resistance; preservation; Vegetative organs in the soil	Flight to south; thick coat; hibernation; Subcutaneous layer of fat
Dissemination	Lungs, winged seeds; Chain hooks	Bird flights; Migration of animals
The effectiveness of breeding	Attraction of pollinators: coloring flowers, smell	Attracting sexual partner: bright plumage, sex attractants

The compliance of the structure of the organs performed by functions (for example, the perfection of the aircraft of birds, bats, insects, has always informed the human attention and encouraged the researchers to use the principles of organizing living beings when creating many machines and instruments. No less affect the imagination of harmonious relations of plants and animals with a habitat.

Facts indicating the adaptability of living beings to living conditions, so numerous that it is not possible to give any full description of their description. We give only some bright examples of adaptive coloring?

For the protection of eggs, larvae, chicks are especially importantprotective coloration. In openly nesting birds (deaf, Gaga, Tetherov), the female, sitting on the nest almost indistinguishable from the surrounding background. Corresponds to the background and pigmented egg shell. Interestingly, in birds nesting in the voupel, females often have a bright color (tits, woodpeckers, parrots).

Amazing similarity with branches is observed by lags. The caterpillars of some butterflies resemble the knots, and the body of some butterflies is a sheet. Here the patronizing color is combined with a patronage form of the body. When a palker is loading, it is difficult to detect his presence from a close distance - he so merges with the surrounding vegetation. Whenever falling into the forest, on the meadow, in the field, we do not even notice how many insects are hiding on the crust, leaves, in the grass.

Zebra and Tiger the dark and light stripes on the body coincide with the alternation of the shadow and the light of the surrounding area. In this case, animals are minorly in an open space from a distance of 50-70 m. Some animals (flounder, chameleon) are capable even to a rapid change in the patronage color due to the redistribution of pigments in the chromatophores of the skin. The effect of the patronage color increases when it combines with the corresponding behavior: at the time of danger, many insects, fish, birds freeze, taking rest pose.

Very bright warning color (usually white, yellow, red, black) is characteristic of well-protected poisonous stinging forms. Trying several times trying to try the Clarow "Soldatika", God's cow, the bird's axis in the end refuse to attack a victim with a bright color.

Interesting examples of adaptation are associated withmimicria.(from Greek Mios - actor). Some defenseless and edible animals imitate the species that are well protected from attacking predators. For example, some spiders resemble ants, and non-shaped flies are externally similar to the axis.

These and many other examples suggest the adaptive nature of evolution.

Relatability of fitness.

In the Dalvinovsky period of development of biology, the adaptability of living beings served as evidence of God's existence: without the Almighty Creator, Nature itself could not have any living beings so wisely and so wisely to adapt them to the environment. The opinion was dominated that every single device absolutely, as it corresponds to a certain goal, laid down by the Creator: The butterfly robes are elongated in the trull, so that she can get the nectar, hidden in the depth of the bunny; Thick stem cactus is necessary for water stuff, etc.

The fitness of organisms to the medium was developed in the process of long historical development under the action of natural causes and is not absolute, but relative, since the conditions of habitat are often changed faster than adaptations are formed. Conforming a specific habitat, the devices lose their value when it changes. The proof of the relative nature of the adaptability may be the following facts:

protective adaptations from some enemies are not effective from others (for example, poisonous snakes dangerous for many animals, mangoshos, hedgehogs, pigs);

the manifestation of instincts in animals may be inappropriate (the night butterflies collect nectar from bright flowers, well noticeable at night, but they also fly to fire, although they are dying);

useful in some conditions the organ becomes useless and even relatively harmful in another medium (the membrane between the fingers among the mountain geese, which is never lowered by water);

more advanced adaptations for this habitat are possible. Some types of animals and plants quickly multiplied and widely spread in completely new areas of the globe, where they were randomly or deliberately imported by a person.

Thus, the relative nature of the adaptability is contrary to the approval of the absolute feasibility of wildliness.

Fitness of organisms - the result of the action of natural selection prepared Chirizo Elizabeth, student 11 "M" class.

this is a combination of those features of the structure, physiology and behavior, which provide for this species the possibility of a specific lifestyle under certain conditions external environment. Adaptation -

How to apply fixtures? K.Linna: Types are created by God and are already adapted to the habitat. J.B.Lamarka: Formation of adaptability by the desire of organisms to self-improvement. Ch. Darvin: explained the origin of fitness in organic world Using natural selection.

Adaptations to the habitat are manifested in the external and internal structure, the processes of vital activity, behavior. The body shape of various animals serve as an example of fitness of organisms to the habitat. The patronessing color and body shape in some animals make them imperceptible against the background of the environment, mask them. Some animals have a bright color that dramatically highlights them against the environment. This color is called warning. Some defenseless and edible animals imitate the species that are well protected from attacking predators. This phenomenon is called mimicry. Protection against eating is characteristic of many animals and plants. They protect themselves. Behavioral adaptations are changes in animal behavior in certain conditions: care for offspring, the formation of individual couples in marriage, And in the winter, an association in flocks, which makes meals and protection, frightening behavior, fading, imitation of injury or death, hibernation, feed. Fitting of life processes for habitat are called physiological adaptation: accumulation of fat with deserted animals, glands that eliminate excess salts, heat flow, echolocation. Biochemical adaptations are associated with the formation of certain substances in the body facilitating protection against enemies or attack on other animals.

Adaptation Forms Examples Description of Adaptations Body Shape Patronizing Coloring (Disguise) Warning Color Mimicry Behavioral Adaptations Classification of Adaptations

Body shape The streamlined shape of the body allows the dolphin to develop a speed in water 40 km / h Falcon - Sapsan in pursuit of prey development develops speed 290 km / h Penguin speed in the thickness of water 35 km / h

The patrons of the coloring (disguise) at openly nesting the poultry of the female, sitting on the nest almost indistinguishable from the surrounding background. Corresponds to the background and pigmented egg shell. Interestingly, birds nesting in the voupel, the trees, females often have a bright color, and the shell is light. Quail and his gorge's eggs, cuckoo egg in the nest of the city

Pontreating coloring (disguise) Amazing similarity with branches is observed at the ladies. The caterpillars of some butterflies resemble the knots, and the body of some butterflies is a sheet. The effect of the patronage color increases with its combination with the corresponding behavior: at the time of danger, many animals freeze, taking peace pose.

Warning coloring is very bright coloring (usually white, yellow, red, black) is characteristic of well-protected poisonous, stinging forms. Trying several times trying to try the Clarow "Soldatika", God's cow, the bird's axis in the end refuse to attack a victim with a bright color. Sandy Efa Kophop - Soldier Lady Cow

Mimicry Butterfly Vice-King repeats the shape and color of the wings of the poisonous butterfly-monarch. Muha copies the appearance and behavior of the bee is the similarity of defenseless or edible view with well-protected and possessing warning color

Mimicry Dairy Snake successfully imitates the coral aspid color as a rule, the number of copied individuals is many times higher than copying.

Behavioral adaptation Feature The behavior of the opossum is the ability to pretend to be dead in danger, in this "game" the opossum simply contradict. Changes in behavior in certain conditions frog lapotog. The amphibian desert, who lives most of his life in Norah, comes out at night to hunt when heat will fall.

The behavioral adaptation of the river beaquet is up to 20 cubic meters. The feed of the male barley builds a socket with 2 outputs - care for the safety of offspring

The relative nature of the adaptability of poisonous snakes, dangerous for many animals, eat mangoshos. Yozh protects against the fox with needles and turns into the ball, but if there is a break of a stream, the fox rolls it into the water, where the hedgehogs are squeezed and it becomes easy prey.

Natural selection - the driving force of evolution

Natural selection is a process aimed at preferred survival of more adapted and destruction of less adapted organisms. More adapted individuals have the opportunity to leave offspring. Selection material serve individual hereditary changes. Harmful changes reduce fertility and survival of individuals, useful - accumulate in the population. The selection is always directed: it retains the changes that most correspond to environmental conditions increase the fertility of individuals.

The selection can be individual aimed at the preservation of single individuals with signs that ensure success in the struggle for existence within the population. It can be both group, enshrining signs favorable for a group.

I. I. Schmalgausen identified forms of natural selection.

1. Stabilizing - aims to maintain the average rate of reaction of a feature against individuals with extreme, deviating features. The selection acts under constant environment environments, conservative, is aimed at preserving the main signs of the form in unchange.

2. Driving - leads to the consolidation of evaded signs. The selection acts in the changing medium conditions, leads to a change in the average norm of the reaction, the evolution of the form.

3. D toer, bursting, is aimed at maintaining individuals with extreme signs and the destruction of individuals with average signs. Acts in changing conditions, leads to a split of a single population and the formation of two new populations with opposite signs. Selection can lead to the emergence of new populations and species. For example, the population of uncultivated and winged insect forms.

Any selection form does not happen by chance, acts through the preservation and accumulation of useful features. The selection is the most successful for the species, the greater the variability spectrum and more variety of genotypes.

The adaptability is the relative feasibility of the structure and functions of the organism, which is the result of natural selection that eliminates unsuitable individuals. Signs arise as a result of mutations. If they increase the viability of the body, its fecundity, allow you to expand the range, then such signs are "pickled" by the selection, enshrine in the offspring and become fixtures.

Types of devices.

The shape of the body of animals allows them to easily move in the appropriate environment, makes the organisms with poor things among items. For example, the streamlined shape of the body of fish, the presence of long limbs at the grasshopper.

Masking - acquisition of the similarity of the body with any object of the environment, for example, similarity with a dry leaf or bark of the butterfly wing trees. The shape of the body of the stick makes it invisible among the boughs of plants. The needle fish is not visible among algae. In plants, a flower shape: the position on escape contributes to pollination.

Pontreating coloring hides the body in environment, makes it imperceptible. For example, white color At the hare, green - at the grasshopper. The dismembering color is the alternation of bright and dark stripes on the body creates the illusion of lighting, blurs the contours of the animal (zebra, tigers).

The warning color indicates the presence of poisonous substances or special protection organs, for the danger of the body for a predator (wasps, snakes, ladybugs).

Mimicria - imitation of a less protected organism of one species to a more protected organism of another type (or objects of the environment), which protects it from extermination (dying flies, not poisonous snakes).

Adaptive behavior in animals is a threatening posture, a warning and scaring enemy, fading, care for the offspring, pampering, the construction of the nest, holes. The behavior of animals is aimed at protecting and maintaining the enemies and harmful effects of environmental factors.

The plants also produced adaptations: spines protect against eating; Bright coloring of flowers attracts insect pollinators; different time Ripening of pollen and segments prevents self-pollution; A variety of fruits contributes to the spread of seeds.

All adaptations are relative, as they act under certain conditions to which the body is adapted. When changing the conditions of the device may not protect the body from death, and therefore, signs cease to be adaptive. Narrow specialization can cause death in changed conditions.

The cause of the facilities is that the organisms that do not correspond to these conditions die and do not leave offspring. Organisms who survived in the struggle for existence have the opportunity to transfer their genotype and consolidate it in generations.

Sections: Biology

Objectives lesson:

• repetition and consolidation of knowledge about the driving forces of evolution;
• to form the concept of adaptability of organisms to the habitat, knowledge of the mechanisms of adaptability as the result of evolution;
• continue the development of skills to use the knowledge of theoretical patterns to explain the phenomena observed in nature;
• shape specific knowledge of adaptive peculiarities of building, color paintings and animal behavior.

Equipment:

Table "fitness and its relative character", photos, drawings, collection of organisms of plants and animals, cards for performing tests, presentation.

1. Repetition of the material studied:

In the form of a front conversation is invited to answer questions.

a) Name the only guide driving force of evolution.
b) What is the supplier of material for selection in the population?
c) It is known that the hereditary variability that supplies the material for the selection is random and is not directed. How does the natural selection get aimed in nature?
d) Give an explanation from the evolutionary position to the following expression: "Not separate genes are exposed to the selection, but holistic phenotypes. The phenotype is not only an object of selection, but also acts as a transmitter of hereditary information in generations. "

As it sets the issue, its text is displayed on the screen (presentation is used)

2. The teacher brings a conversation to the wording of the lesson.

In nature, there is a discrepancy between the ability of organisms to unlimited reproduction and limited resources. This is the cause ...? The struggle for existence, as a result of which individuals are survived the most adapted to the environmental conditions. (Schema output on the screen, students are recorded in the notebook)

So, one of the results of natural selection can be called development in all living organisms of adaptations - accessories to the habitat, i.e. The adaptability is the result of the action of natural selection in these conditions of existence.

(Message Topics lesson, entry in notebook)

Think and try to formulate what is the essence of fitness to the conditions of habitat? (Together with students, the teacher gives the definition of fitness, which is written to the notebook, output to the slide screen)

Fitness of organisms or adaptation- A combination of those features of their structure, physiological processes and behaviors that provide for this species the possibility of a specific lifestyle under certain environmental conditions.

What do you think the fitness is for organisms?

Value:the adaptability to the conditions of the medium increases the chances of organisms to survive and leaving a large number of offspring. (Recording in the notebook, output to the slide screen)

There is a question of how tools are formed? Let's try to explain the formation of a trunk at an elephant from the point of view of K. Linnei, J.B. Lamarka, Ch. D Darvina.

(On the screen photo of an elephant and the wording of the question)

Presumbage student responses:

According to Lynneu: the fitness of the organisms is the manifestation of initial feasibility. God's driving force is God. Example: elephants, like all animals created God. Therefore, all elephants from the moment of occurrence have a long trunk.

By Lamarka: The idea of \u200b\u200bthe innate ability of organisms is changed under the influence of the external environment. The driving force of evolution is the desire of organisms to excellence. Example: Elephants when mining food were forced to constantly pull their upper lip to get food (exercise). This feature is inherited. So there was a long trunk of elephants.

According to Darwin: Among the set of elephants were animals with trunk of different lengths. Those of them who have a trunk have been a bit longer, more successfully mined food and survived. This feature was inherited. So, gradually, there was a long trunk of elephants.

What explanation is more realistic? Let's try to describe the mechanism of the emergence of devices. (On the screen scheme)

3. Diversity of adaptations.

On the tables of students figures, collections illustrating various adaptations of organisms to the environment. Work with couples or groups. Pupils describe adaptations, call them themselves or with the help of a teacher. On the screen, these devices appear along the conversation.

1. Morphological adaptation (changes in body structure).

• stipped body shape in fish and birds
• eppes between the fingers from waterfowl
• thick coat with northern mammals
• flat body at the bottom fish
• making and pillow-shaped in plants in northern latitudes and high-mountainous areas

2. Disguise: body shape and painting merge with surrounding objects (slide).

(Sea horse, ladies, caterpillars of some butterflies).

3. Pontrery coloring:

the species that live openly and may be accessible to enemies (eggs have open nesting birds, grasshopper, flounder). If the background of the medium is not constant depending on the season of the year - the animals change their painting (Zayac, Rusak).

4. Warning color:

Very bright, characteristic of poisonous and stinging forms (wasps, bumblebees, ladybug, rattling snakes). Frequently combined with demonstrative disconigible behavior.

5. Mimicry:

the similarity in the coloring, the shape of the body of unprotected organisms with protected (Muha-Burning and Bee, Tropical Couples and Poisonous Snakes; The flowers of the lion's oyev are similar to the bumblebees - insects try to tie marriage relationshipwhich contributes to pollination; Eggs laid by cuckoo). Imprints never exceed the size of the type of origin. Otherwise, warning color will lose sense.

6. Physiological adaptation:

fitness of life processes to habitat.

• accumulation of fat with deserted animals before the onset of the dry season (camel)
• glands eliminating from excess salts from reptiles and birds living by the sea
• conservation of water in cacti
• fast metamorphosis in desert amphibians
• heat flooring, echolocation
• partial or complete anabiosis

7. Behavioral adaptation:

changes in behavior in certain conditions

• caring for offspring improves the survival of young animals, increases the stability of their populations
• the formation of individual couples in the marriage period, and in the winter to unite in flocks. What makes food and protection facilitates (wolves, many birds)
• refractory behavior (Bombardir, Skuns)
• failure, imitation of injury or death (opossums, amphibians, birds)
• prudant behavior: hibernation, feed

8. Biochemical adaptations:

associated with the formation of certain substances in the body facilitating the protection of disadvantages or attack on other animals

• poisons snakes, scorpions
• antibiotics of mushrooms and bacteria
• crystals of oxaline potassium in the leaves or barns of plants (cactus, nettle)
• special structure of proteins and lipids at thermophilic (high temperatures resistant)

and psychrofyl (cold-tech), allowing organisms to exist in hot sources, volcanic soils, conditions of permafrost.

The relative nature of the devices.

It is proposed to pay attention to the table: hare. Indistent for predators in the snow, well noticeable against the background of trees trunks. Along with students, other examples are given: night butterflies collect nectar from light flowers, but also fly to fire, although they are dying at the same time; poisonous snakes eat mangoshos, hedgehogs; If the cactus is abundantly watering - he will die.

What conclusion can be done?

Conclusion: Any fixture is advisable only in the conditions in which it has been formed. With the change in these conditions, adaptation loses its value or even cause harm to the body. Consequently, the adaptability is relative.

When studying the topic, we relied on the doctrine of Ch. Darwin on the natural selection. It explained the mechanism for the emergence of organisms to habitability and proved that the fitness is always relative.

4. Fastening knowledge.

on the tables of students with tests and cards for answers.

1 option.

1. A phenomenon that serves as an example of camouflage:

a) painting spotty deer and tiger;
b) stains on the wings of some butterflies, similar to the eyes of vertebrate animals;
c) the similarity of the color of the wings of the pierida butterfly from the colorful wings of the inedible butterfly of heliconides;
d) the color of God's cows and the colorado beetle.

2. As modern science explains the formation of organic feasibility:

a) is the result of the active aspiration of organisms to adapt to specific environmental conditions;
b) is the result of the natural selection of individuals who are more adapted than others to the conditions of the medium due to the presence of randomly arising hereditary changes;
c) is the result of the direct influence of external conditions for the development of relevant signs in the organisms;
d) It was originally predetermined at the time of creating the Creator of the main species of living beings.

3. Phenomenon. An example of which the similarity of Fleas-Lioning and OS in the color of the abdomen and the shape of the mustache is used:

a) warning color;
b) mimicry;
c) adaptive coloring;
d) disguise.

4. Example of patronizing color:

5. Example of warning color:

a) bright red painting of the flower in roses;


d) similarity in coloring and body shape.

Option 2.

1. The main effect of natural selection:

a) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that ensures reproduction in generations;
b) increasing the frequency of genes in a population that ensure wide variability of organisms;
c) the appearance of genes in the population, ensuring the preservation of signs of the form in organisms;
d) the appearance in the population of genes caused by the adaptation of organisms to habitat;

2. Example of patronizing color:

a) green coloring at the singing grasshopper;
b) the green color of the leaves in most plants;
c) bright red color in God's cows;
d) similarity in the color of the abdomen in Fly-Burning and wasps.

3. Example of disguise:

a) green coloring at the singing grasshopper;
b) the similarity in the painting of the abdomen in Fly-Burning and wasps;
c) bright red color in God's cows;

4. Example of warning color:

a) bright red painting in a rose flower;
b) bright red color from God's cows;
c) similarity in the color of the Fleas-Burning and wasps;
d) similarity in the color and shape of the body of the caterpillar of butterfly-spiders with a bitch.

5. Example of mimicry:

a) green coloring at the singing grasshopper;
b) bright red color from God's cows;
c) the similarity in the painting of the abdomen in Fly-Burning and wasps;
d) similarity in the color and shape of the body of the caterpillar of butterfly-spiders with a bitch.

Card for answers:

	1	2	3	4	5
but
b.
in
g.

Homework:

1. paragraph 47;
2. fill out a table on paragraph 47: