Why is physical activity so important for the proper development of a child? Physical development of the child at home.

The article reflects the physical education of children in a kindergarten group Early age, the value of physical education; the relevance of the topic of the article is considered; as an example, the work of teachers of kindergarten №69 Marina is given.

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Pedagogical conditions for the physical development of young children in preschool

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Physical education of children is the most important part of the human education system. It is directly related to the preservation and strengthening of children's health, the foundations of which, as you know, are laid from childhood.

Health does not exist by itself, permanent and unchanging. It needs careful care from a very early age. That is why this period - early and preschool age - is important and valuable. At this time, the most important motor skills are formed in the child, the prerequisites for the further development of the personality are created, the foundations of health are laid. In childhood, basic values ​​are determined for the child, relations with the outside world are formed, with oneself in it, the development of a variety of methods of activity and realization of oneself in them takes place, experience is accumulated.

Currently, the preservation and strengthening of children's health is an important task of both the family and society, the state. For the adult generation, raising children, this period must not be missed and maximum efforts must be made in this direction. After all, children's health is the future of our country. Only a healthy young generation will be able to ensure the birth rate of healthy children and create a healthy potential for the future.

Considering today, I would like to draw attention to the variety of developmental activities for children of different ages and different directions. They are very popular and popular with their parents. In almost every family, a child goes to classes such as foreign language, chess, art, computer and so on. All this contributes to the development of the child's mental abilities, increasing his intelligence. But physical development goes into the background, less attention is paid to physical activity, which negatively affects the health of the child.

Unfortunately, the statistics are not encouraging with their performance. It is known that:

• no more than 14% of children are born physiologically mature;
• 25-35% of children who entered the 1st grade of school have physical disabilities or chronic diseases;
• 90-92% of secondary school graduates are in the "third state", i.e. they do not yet know that they are sick;
• only 8-10% of school graduates can be considered really healthy;
• 5% of the country's adult population is chronically ill, and 95% are in the "third state";
• the overall incidence of children increased by 21.6 thousand per 100 thousand of the corresponding population over 5 years.

It helps to improve the health of children, to support and preserve it.physical education... By definition , it means a pedagogical process, which is aimed at improving the forms and functions of the child's body, at the formation of motor skills, abilities, knowledge, at the upbringing of physical qualities.

The process of physical education, as a set of measures aimed at the development of a growing organism, its functions, is a priority and relevant in the entire educational work of a preschool institution.

The purpose of physical educationis the formation of the foundations healthy way life, its focus on health promotion, physical and mental development, emotional well-being of each child.

The tasks of physical education include:

• wellness;
• educational;
• educational.

Wellness tasks:

1. protection of life and health promotion (ensuring the normal functioning of all organs and systems of the body);
2. all-round physical improvement of body functions;
3. increased efficiency and hardening.

Educational tasks:

1. the formation of motor skills and abilities;
2. development of physical qualities;
3. the child's mastery of basic knowledge about his body, the role of physical exercises in his life, ways to strengthen his own health.

Educational tasks:

1. education of interest and need for knowledge by physical exercises;
2. versatile, harmonious development of the child (mental, moral, aesthetic, labor).

With help physical educationcertain goals are achieved. Annex 1.

Physical Education in the Early Age Group

In GBDOU Kindergarten№69 Marina Krasnogvardeisky district physical education is carried out according to the environmentally friendly program of Vyacheslav Semenovich Kovalenko "To a healthy family through a kindergarten."

This program is the result of theoretical research in the field different forms recreational activities with children of prenatal and early age, preschool and school age... For 6 years, work was carried out and the accumulation of experience within the framework of the program "To a healthy family through kindergarten" to restore family traditions of raising children. The “School of Parents” was created for kindergarten No. 111 and women's consultation office No. 22 in the Vyborgsky district of St. Petersburg.

The program "Towards a Healthy Family through Kindergarten" is aimed at reorienting preschool institutions to the system of "Parents' Schools" - a system of joint education of parents and children with the help of highly qualified specialists (teachers and medical workers) and methodological support of kindergartens. Of all the links in the education system, it is the kindergarten that is really engaged in the improvement of children today and can demonstrate to parents the peculiarities of the upbringing and improvement of a child of any age group.

The Healthy Family Through Kindergarten program is an extension of the experience of an ecological wellness program. Its basis and recommendations are based on research not only in the field of medicine, homeopathy, osteopathy, pedagogy, but also in ecology. As you know, children are the most sensitive to environmental pollution.

In the program of V.S. Kovalenko, the section of physical education is represented by a system for assessing the physical health of a child and a system of measures and preventive technologies... Targeted programto increase the functional reserves of the body and ensure the safety of physical training.

The ecological wellness program for children includes nine main sections:

1. diet
2. hardening
3. physical education
4. dental prophylaxis
5. ensuring environmental safety
6. increased body resistance
7. vaccine therapy and vaccine prophylaxis
8. normalization of the psychological microclimate
9. counseling of a child, parents, staff.

Physical education of children in kindergarten is carried out by a physical education teacher, as well as group educators. To maintain children's interest in physical education classes, plot and game forms, breathing exercises are widely used. The systematic conduct of classes contributes to:

• all-round physical development of children,
• formation and improvement of skills of basic movements,
• formation of correct posture and prevention of flat feet,
• fosters a good habit of playing sports.

The physical development of children in the Early Age group is carried out in accordance withwith a mode of physical activity... Appendix 2.

Every day the pupils of the Early Age group are invited to morning exercises in the music hall together with other groups. The lesson is conducted by a physical education teacher to music. Basic physical exercises are performed (bends, squats, turns, etc.). Children study with pleasure, try, return to the group happy and cheerful.

According to the schedule, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, normative and educational activities are carried out - physical development. Children, together with a physical education teacher, travel by train from the playroom to the music hall. The lesson is organized in a playful way, sports equipment is used, accompanied by music. Children learn to walk in a group one after another, march, skills of handling sports equipment (for example, a ball, a hoop) are formed, coordination and attention develops.

With the onset of summer, classes from the music hall are transferred to the open air - they are held outdoors.

In addition to sports activities conducted by a physical education teacher, the group educators are directly involved in physical education of children in the Early Age group. They spend physical education minutes. Most often it is finger gymnastics or breathing exercises. They, accordingly, are aimed at the development of fine motor skills and the development of the respiratory apparatus, are selected according to the season, according to topics. Children like it very much. They are carried out more often in minutes of waiting for any regime moments(for example, before serving lunch). Sometimes the pupils of the group are invited to independently carry out such exercises, which finds active support from their side. Appendix 3.

According to the regimen of physical activity, all children go through the training path immediately after waking up. It consists of several spiky rugs of different sizes and a roller path. They pass it barefoot, going from the bedroom to the playroom. At the same time, children's reviews are very different! Performing the exercise path, the feet are massaged, the corresponding centers on them are activated, the process of waking up is accelerated.

In addition to the training path, after sleep, the group's educators conduct game gymnastics in the room - the Vorobyov Complex. It takes about 7 minutes and is carried out without shoes. As a result of this gymnastics, blood circulation improves, metabolic processes are normalized. At the end of it, the children thank each other.

For the development of sports skills and physical qualities of pupils, a sports corner has been created in the playing hall by the efforts of educators and with the assistance of a physical education teacher. It includes:

• sports equipment (balls large, small; soft ribbons with a ring, hoops);
• sports attributes (flags, rattles);
• wall target for throwing balls;
• massage mats, massage balls, as well as homemade massage machines made of kinder eggs connected in a chain - used by children to massage each other's backs;
• finger card index, eye card index, breathing exercises and a card index of outdoor games;
• children's footprints on the floor leading to the sports corner and children's handprints on the wall, following which children reach up.

All the inventory, fixtures and filing cabinet of the sports corner are actively used in their free time, children find use for everything. Appendix 4.

Within the framework of the schedule, joint activities in physical culture are organized. It includes physical culture leisure - in the music hall, a physical education teacher conducts relay races, sports competitions for children of the younger group. The event is short, but very interesting. Held once a month.

Health Day is held in general with other groups with the participation of some heroes (for example, microbes, the fairy of purity). The teachers prepare a scenario according to which relay races, competitions, tasks of a different nature are organized. The emphasis is placed not only on the development of physical qualities, but also strengthens and expands the knowledge of children about hygiene, about the structure of the body, about the benefits and harms of various influencing factors for our health. In a playful way, children with the greatest attention show interest and participation in this type of information, actively compete.

The most interesting and exciting sight is sports holidays with the participation of parents! The holiday is held according to the scenario, the main roles are played by the educators of the group with the participation of a physical education teacher. I remember very much the holiday timed to the Defender of the Fatherland Day - children competed with their dads! (or with "sports" moms). The delight of children and parents knew no bounds! Having passed sports tests together with their parent, each family was awarded a diploma and a small gift.

Analyzing the work of a physical education teacher and the work of the Early Age group educators, there is a positive dynamics in the development of children, many physical skills are learned, physical qualities are developed, health is strengthened, posture is improved, the body is hardened, interest in sports is instilled. For example, many children, when they first get into a group, do not know how to walk by "train" holding each other - over time, it turns out to master a round dance. Many have learned to jump on one leg, catch a ball rolling on the floor, twist a hoop on their hand. Such small victories for each child are worth many efforts, both by the children themselves and by educators and teachers. I would like all this to find support from the parents, who are always worried about their child and his health. I would like them to find the opportunity to attend children's events more often, to be closer to the child's life in kindergarten, to himself!

Applications

Annex 1

Physical education means

Facilities	Target	Terms of use
Physical exercises: gymnastics (basic movements, general developmental exercises, building and rebuilding, dance exercises); games (mobile, plot, plotless, games with elements of sports); sports exercises (cycling, swimming, sliding, etc.); simple tourism (hiking, skiing) - the main specific means of physical education	Used to solve health, educational and educational tasks of physical education	Provide an effective solution to the problems of physical education, if they act in the form of a holistic motor regime that meets the age and individual characteristics of each child
Psycho-hygienic factors: general regime of exercise, nutrition, rest, sleep, hygiene of clothes, shoes, physical training equipment, premises - an additional means of physical education	Increase the effectiveness of the effects of exercise	Psychophysiological comfort of the child
Ecological and natural factors: sun, air, water	They enhance the positive effect of physical exercise on the body and increase its efficiency. Used to harden the body	The positive effect of this tool is achieved only with an environmentally friendly nature.

Appendix 2

Movement mode

Organized forms of motor activity	duration ness	Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday	toe face
1 half day: Physical development
1 half day: Artistically aesthetic development "music"
Physical education
Morning exercises
Gymnastics after sleep Vorobyov's complex
Training path
Walk (outdoor games and physical exercises 1 half day 2 half day

Continuation of Appendix 2

Continuation of Appendix 2

Organization joint activities

Team work	Duration	Features of the organization
Physical culture leisure	10-15	1 time per month
Sports Holidays		2-3 times a year
Health day		Once every 2 months

Appendix 3

Finger gymnastics.

1.We chop cabbage,

(alternate movements of straight palms up and down)

We salt-salt the cabbage,
(we put our fingers in a pinch and stroke the fingertips one by one)

We are three or three cabbage,

(rub cam on cam)

We squeeze cabbage.

(clench and unclench the cams)
And put it in your mouth
(we send a pinch in our mouth and say: "Yum-yum!")

2. Lullaby

(alternately bend fingers on the handle)

This finger wants to sleep

This finger went to bed

This finger took a nap,

This finger just fell asleep

This one is fast, fast asleep

Quietly sniffs with a nose ...

3. Ball

We inflate the balloon quickly.
It gets big.
Suddenly the balloon burst, the air came out -
He became thin and thin.

All fingers of both hands are in a "pinch" and touch the tips. In this position, we blow on them, while the fingers take the shape of a ball. The air "comes out" and the fingers return to their original position.

Appendix 4

Bibliography

1 Gryadkina T.S. Educational area "Physical culture". How to work under the Childhood program: Study guide. - SPb .: LLC "Publishing house" Childhood-Press ", 2012

2 Derkunskaya V.A. The fontanel of health: technologies of health-preserving support in the experience of preschool educational institution: Study guide. - Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen, 2009

3 Kozhukhova N.N. Physical education teacher in preschool institutions: A textbook for students of higher and secondary pedagogical educational institutions. - M .: Publishing center "Academy", - 2002

4 Scientific-methodical journal Kindergarten: theory and practice No. 5 2013

5 Internet resources

6 Collection of working documents Recreation program "To a healthy family through kindergarten", St. Petersburg, 2000

In the most different games, from jumping rope to throwing the ball, and these games contribute to the formation of a strong body.

In our time, the art of play has gone through a lot of changes, because today children spend more time playing video games, rather than playing physically. Still, the best that parents can do for their children is to come up with games that stimulate the physical development of your child.

We repeat after the presenter

For young children, coordinated movement is a very important skill. Most games and sports activities require children to work together, even if only a little. Children under the age of five don't particularly like to compete, but they like to move together.

For example, repetition is extremely effective for young children. Two or more children repeat a series of physical exercises after the leader. At the playground, the presenter can climb up and down a slide, walk along a narrow curb, or run down the stairs.

Children only need to do the same. This game and other cooperative, but not competitive games such as "round dance" or "bridge" are most interesting for children aged three to five.

Ball game

As the baby grows, his movements become more confident and easier to respond to the world... Ball play helps develop good coordination of large muscle groups as well as hand-eye coordination. Dodgeball, basketball, soccer and baseball are all great games for kids over the age of five.

It is very important to remember that children under the age of 9-10 do not yet fully understand the concept of teamwork and do not always know how to play with dignity. They still find it difficult to interpret the emotions of other people and put themselves in their place. To be more effective, try to focus your younger children on the importance of working together.

At this age, the baby is already starting to enjoy the competition. They especially enjoy competitive and team games as they see that success depends on their efforts, agility and discernment. These games can instill a lifelong love for physical sports in your child.

Let's dance

Children of all ages and all genders love to dance. Research has shown that listening to music and understanding musical rhythm and tempo improves mathematical ability. And dancing improves spatial thinking and flexibility.

Dance lessons, any dance, from ballroom and jazz to street and folk, help children understand all the possibilities of their bodies, as well as learn to express emotions in motion. When children begin to invent and express themselves through dances on their own, their bodies become stronger and more flexible.

The purpose of physical activity

The main goal of acquainting children with physical games and activities with early years- help them find the right physical activity that will keep them engaged for life. You do not need to set a goal to make a successful athlete out of your child, you just need to help him find the activity that he will love so much that he can achieve success in him.

Focus on introducing your children to a wide variety of physical activities and sports, and help them find what interests them the most. You don't have to make the game hard work by counting all the wins and losses. Nothing will turn a kid away from sports and physical activities like the fear of failure.

Video - Dance game for children 4-5 years old

In this article:

The physical development of children aged 2-3 years is dynamic enough for parents to be able to independently record visible changes. In the second year of life, the baby every month becomes heavier by about 200-250 g, his growth increases by 1 cm.

But at the age of three, physical development is no longer so active. For a year, a child grows by no more than 7-8 cm, while the weight increases by only 2-2.5 kg for a whole year. This is due to the increasing motor activity of the baby, as well as to the high consumption of energy necessary for the body to improve the organs and life support systems laid down earlier.

How the baby's basic systems develop

The central nervous system of the child becomes more perfect. The time it takes for a baby to sleep is reduced, he is more awake and not as tired as before. A baby at the age of 2-3 years is already capable of purposefully concentrate on a specific business for 10-15 minutes. This is due to the improvement of the functions of the cerebral cortex, the development of memory associated with events that took place up to two months ago.

The child begins to speak better, his vocabulary becomes richer every day. The work of the cardiovascular system also noticeably improves. She no longer experiences the same tension during work, as before, the frequency of heart beats is about 86-90 times per minute, that is, it is as close as possible to the frequency of the heart of an adult.

The musculoskeletal system is also developing noticeably. The baby's skeleton becomes stronger due to ossification. This is a long process, it will last up to 25 years. Nevertheless, at the age of 2-3 years, the baby's bones are already strong enough, which allows you to keep the rules
good posture in an upright position.

During this period, the musculo-ligamentous apparatus continues to strengthen. The movements are no longer as chaotic, more coordinated and varied. Children get tired if for a long time there is no way to change the pose.

Some changes also apply to the gastrointestinal tract. The muscular layer of the stomach wall is actively developing, the intestinal tone increases. The urinary system starts to work better. The bladder in children at the age of three increases in volume by 4 times, while the number of urinations decreases by almost 10 times.

It should be borne in mind that due to insufficient development of the spinal cord and bladder receptors at the age of 2-3 years, "accidents" are possible. By the end of the third year, most babies cope with the need on time
go to the toilet and carefully monitor their own appearance.

It is also necessary to understand that the skill of neatness in each baby is formed in due time. If one child is ready to use the toilet on his own even before he is two years old, then the other will "mature" only by the beginning of the fourth.

At this age, children are actively developing respiratory and digestive systems, so it is important to monitor proper nutrition and be sure to take measures to prevent colds.

Possible problems of children in 2-3 years

The physical development of babies at the age of 2-3 years is often accompanied by a number of problems. This is about:

• pneumonia;
• diathesis;
• rickets;
• anemia, etc.

All these ailments are more troubling for children in the first year of life, nevertheless, it will not be possible to completely forget about them until at least three more years.

Children 2-3 years old demonstrate emotional lability, often changing their mood. For the majority, it is at this age that individual character traits are manifested. Adults need to take this into account when building a line of behavior and communication with the baby.

Despite the fact that a child at this age undergoes active development of the muscular system, characterized by muscle growth, he is often injured. This is due to the increased development of motor activity and insufficient control over movements.

At the age of 2-3 years, the child continues to develop lymph nodes, adenoids and tonsils. It is this, oddly enough, that becomes the main reason for the subsequent development of inflammatory processes:

• lymphadenitis;
• adenoiditis;
• tonsillitis.

In two-year-old babies, one can often find greatly enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, which manifests itself
frequent SARS and runny nose. By the end of the second year, the child's main milk teeth should erupt.

Given that a child at this age has an increasing number of contacts with other children and adults, while the immunity is not fully strengthened, you need to try to protect it from people with signs of viral diseases. In addition, it is at this age that babies are prone to childhood infections such as:

• scarlet fever;
• measles;
• chickenpox;
• diphtheria, etc.

Timely immunization, as well as avoiding too crowded places, will be able to protect the child from disease.

It must be remembered that in younger age lack of attention to the health of the child will entail serious consequences, and first of all will cause the formation of chronic diseases. That is why it is so important not to neglect vaccinations and proper care for the baby.

Critical periods in a child's life

Analyzing the physical development of children at the age of 2-3 years, experts have come to the conclusion that at this age babies will need to go through several critical periods.

There are plenty of reasons for creating a fertile ground for the development of crises. In children aged 2-3 years, the strength and mobility of the nervous processes increase, higher nervous activity is formed, while the nervous processes are characterized by rapid exhaustion. This is manifested by frequent mood swings, excessive irritability, tearfulness, fatigue, inattention, psychomotor irritability.

Outwardly, in children, this can manifest itself as follows:

• babies bite their nails;
• wrap strands of hair on your fingers;
• cannot sleep for a long time;
• make chaotic movements.

At a young age, the type of blood changes in children, which becomes as close as possible in composition to the blood of an adult, along with this, the activity of the substances responsible for allergies increases.

In some children, during this period, you can observe
accelerated growth, which will require additional proper nutrition... Following the growth of the baby, the heart muscle may not have time to develop, and this must also be taken into account when planning the physical education of the baby.

However, we note that even a healthy baby who, at the age of 2-3 years, is forced to go through crises of physical development, will need care and support. Adults should take care not only to help the baby cope with them, but also to improve his health by creating the right conditions for normal physical development.

What conditions should these be? Primarily:

• adherence to diet and sleep;
• hardening;
• regular walks on the street.

More on this below.

Walking in the street

A 2-3-year-old child needs walks in the fresh air not only to give him pleasure and not let him get bored. Regular "outings" will help to strengthen the basic processes taking place in the child's body at this time, ranging from improving muscle tone and ending with brain activity.

At the beginning of the third year of life, babies can walk in a stroller.
or on a child's bike to keep the ride as long as possible. During the walk, it is necessary to come up with different games and activities for the crumbs, stimulating him to move. At the age of two, kids are already happy to ride a bicycle race (a bicycle without pedals), a scooter, and closer to three years old - on roller skates.

Naturally, at this age, such skating cannot be long. But even 10 minutes on a bike ride or scooter will positively affect the physical development of a 2-3-year-old child, providing him with the necessary load.

Daily and nutritional regimen

The physical development of children aged 2-3 years is greatly influenced by adherence to the daily regimen. It is very important that the child sleeps the required 10-11 hours at night and 2-2.5 hours during the day. The baby's sleep should be calm and strong, so it is advisable not to overload his stomach before going to bed, not to overexcite the nervous system with outdoor games.

Equally important for a baby of this age is
nutrition. He eats a crumb 4-5 times a day, that is, on average, every 3 hours. When developing a menu for a child, it must be borne in mind that he should receive balanced meals that provide him with energy and nutrients for development.

The menu should include foods with a high content of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins. In order for a baby to grow up healthy, strong and active, he should regularly receive dairy products, meat, fish, cereals, vegetables and fruits, but confectionery products in the diet of such crumbs should appear rarely and in limited quantities.

Baby hardening procedure

In order for hardening to have a positive effect on the physical development of children aged 2-3 years, parents must show enough patience and diligence, building their actions
according to a specific schedule. Each illness of the baby during the hardening period will set the process back, after which it will be necessary to start all over again - which is why not all parents take up this business.

Nevertheless, if you set a goal, then hardening can be organized in such a way that the procedure does not limit the possibilities of either adults or children. What can parents do if they don't want to bother measuring the temperature of the water and keeping track of the duration of the bath? Here is a list of simple and useful manipulations:

• frequent ventilation of the room where the child spends time;
• air baths for the baby, when he will be allowed to walk naked and barefoot on the floor (cold feet do not mean at all that the child is cold, this is just a reaction of the child's body to a decrease in temperature);
• walking barefoot on the sand, grass, pebbles on the street in the summer;
• home games and exercises to train strength, endurance, flexibility;
• regular walks regardless of the weather and season with a bike ride, rollerblades, scooter or skiing;
• visiting sports sections.

These simple activities will help your little one feel more active, healthy, energetic and energized for new exploits.

Games for the physical development of the child

Below we will consider a few simple and interesting games, which can positively affect the physical development of the baby in 2-3 years.

1. "Crane". The baby is offered to lie on his stomach on the bed in such a way that he hangs slightly from its edge. The details of the constructor are laid out in front of the bed and the child is asked to imagine himself as a crane, lifting toys from the floor with each hand in turn. You can play to cheerful music, always encouraging the baby for successful climbs.
2. "Flower". The essence of the game is to make the kid imagine himself this time as a beautiful flower that knows how to sleep at night and wake up during the day. In a state of sleep, the child will have to sit on the floor, move his straight legs in front of him and bend his forehead towards them as low as possible. With the onset of awakening, the "flower" will be able to take its normal position with arms raised up.
3. "Dog". The kid should be offered to repeat after the dog - to scratch with the "paw" behind the ear. It is important that the child tries to scratch his ear with his right and left feet in turn.
4. "Big and small". The kid is offered to imagine himself as a wizard who knows how to turn people into giants and dwarfs. Let the baby imagine himself as a dwarf and squat on the floor, after which he will turn into a giant, gradually rising on his toes.

These are far from all the options for games with which you can help the physical development of a child at the age of 2-3 years and, which is important, interest him in physical exercises. Imagine, study thematic literature, communicate with parents of babies who purposefully and successfully engage in physical education of children, adopting successful experience.

The modern world provides children and parents with many options for entertainment and learning, but often in the race for novelties, adults make the mistake of not paying enough attention to the physical development of the younger generation.

Gadgets, computers, various game panels captivate the baby, and parents are given the opportunity to solve everyday issues. After all, what could be easier than turning on a cartoon and minding your own business? But this behavior of parents is increasingly leading to sad consequences. The crumbs' lack of interest in outdoor games, physical inactivity, reduced interest in the environment negatively affects the general development of the baby. Decreased muscle tone, low flexibility and low joint mobility can cause various diseases.

One of the tasks of parents involved in the upbringing of preschool children is to provide conditions for attracting the attention of the toddler to an active lifestyle, passion for sports.

The emphasis on a sporty lifestyle should be made immediately after the birth of a child, to have an impact on the entire period of growing up.

Physical development - changes in the body that occur throughout life, indicating the general condition of the body and internal systems.

An athletic, externally and internally trained baby copes better with various infectious diseases, has a stable psyche, vigorous and cheerful.

Preschool children are naturally very active. By running and jumping, exercising muscles and improving oxygen exchange between cells, they thus strengthen the cardiovascular, nervous and respiratory systems.

Understanding the importance of the physical development of children, parents ask themselves questions:

• at what age to begin to engage in the physical development of the child?
• how to help master the necessary skills?
• what to look for?

To answer these questions, you need to figure out how the body is forming, what periods the toddler goes through from birth to going to school, and what actions will help develop the necessary skills.

The main periods of the development of the physical abilities of children from birth to 9 years

The periods of physical formation of preschool children are conditionally subdivided:

• Infant. From birth to 12 months;
• Early. From 1 year to 3 years;
• Average: 3-6 years old;
• Senior: 6-9 years old.

Each of these periods implies the development of a certain set of skills, the stimulation of the development of skills and the improvement of the movements already studied.

Each child is individual and the transition between age groups can occur a little earlier or later.

The assessment of the possibilities should be based not so much on the average age indicators, but on the physical condition of the crumbs' organism.

What we develop in a child from birth to one year

The development of physical abilities in the first year of life is based on the skills that the child possesses. Taking the exercises necessary for mastering a specific natural skill as a basis, adults help him achieve his first important victories.

Hold your head up and lift it up

Immediately after birth, massage and stress become relevant, strengthening the muscles of the neck, so that the baby learns to hold his head. With the acquisition of this skill, the attention of the parents switches to the muscles of the back, arms and legs to gradually raise the torso on the elbows while lying on the stomach. The mastery of these skills is inherent in nature, the role of parents is to help the baby quickly understand how to act.

We smile and sit down

By three months, the toddler's movements are still erratic and poorly coordinated. The stimulus for training is the reaction to sounds, visual perception of an adult. Smiling and welcoming the desired object in all possible ways, the baby strains and relaxes almost all the muscles in the body, giving them a load. It strengthens the muscles, the body. To help the child, new elements are introduced into the complex of daily exercises and massage, allowing to train the muscles of the back, spine, arms, legs for a gradual transition to a new position - sitting.

Crawl, get up and walk

With uniform development and sufficient stimulation of motor skills by six months, most children master movement on all fours and the ability to raise their own torso to a sitting position. While supporting the aspirations of the little one to overcome the new plane, it is worth thinking about additional loads on the muscles of the legs and back - support the desire of the crumbs to get the ability to get up, holding on to furniture or a handrail.

Exercises, massage, classes on various gymnastic apparatus, water procedures contribute to the independent mastery of walking skills by 10-12 months.

Conditions for physical development

At the first stage, the attention of parents to the development of physical abilities plays a large role, but with the development of the skills of crawling and sitting, it is good to let the little one study their capabilities on their own. It is impossible to fully understand your body, learn to coordinate movements, if all the time adults will hold or protect from unnecessary actions.

After 6 months, it is advisable to create the necessary conditions for the child, to insure, but not to interfere with the study. Constant shouts, an attempt to remove all objects with the exception of toys, a sharp denial of the desire to climb higher will not help the baby learn everything he needs, and on the psycho-emotional level will cause excessive caution or even fear of the unknown.

First games

In the second half of the year, the first full-fledged games with cubes, cars and dolls, a ball, etc. are introduced. By teaching play techniques with objects, adults stimulate the child:

• development of the nervous and musculoskeletal system;
• increased general muscle tone;
• improvement of mental functions;
• the emergence of imagination and thinking;
• the birth of memory and attention;
• speech;
• character formation.

Separately, it should be noted that the development of speech and such character traits as will, patience, perseverance, play an important role in the overall physical formation and further sports success.

• massage and exercises to stimulate skill development;
• gymnastic exercises in water and fitball;
• primary hardening;
• the introduction of the game as the main type of cognition of the surrounding world;
• stimulation of physical activity by attracting the baby with bright toys and interesting objects.

The early period of physical development (1-3 years) is the time to learn about the capabilities of your body. Age is characterized by a decrease in the rate of growth and weight gain. In a year, the baby grows by 8-10 cm, the weight does not change significantly. Quite often, a baby can gain only 2-3 kg in 12 months. This is due to the increase in movement, increased development of the surrounding space.

From year to three, there is an intensive formation of internal systems. For a full oxygen supply, the body requires more movement. Increased activity stimulates the acquisition of new physical skills, helps to successfully strengthen muscles, ossify tissues and cartilage.

Movement is life.

It is in the year that the child fully enters the phase of a rapid increase in the body's capabilities for the subsequent development of a variety of mental and physical skills.

The transition from walking to running

Having learned to walk independently, the baby, who feels the support of his parents, seeks to understand and study his speed capabilities. For the next few years, running will become the main mode of movement for the baby. New opportunities and sensations obtained as a result of mastering this skill become a motivator for exploring your body and the world around you. The role of the parents at this stage is to insure, but not to restrain.

Mastering the stairs

Already in one year, it is useful to help the little one to master the hiking upward hike. First, by the handle, slowly overcoming small spans one step at a time, gradually increasing the number. This exercise strengthens the muscles in your legs by giving you an understanding of how you can move. By the age of two, children show a strong desire to do this exercise on their own. Do not be discouraged, but be very careful.

We jump and climb

Realizing that in addition to walking and running in a straight line, it is possible to study the world around him from a height, the child will begin to show a desire to climb higher. Some children show their first attempts to conquer the peaks even before one year, others come to them only closer to 1.5 years.

At whatever age your baby wants to climb higher, do not bother him. Insure his desire to find out how everything looks from above. From the first attempts, strongly show how to get off correctly. The ability to gently roll over onto your stomach and alternately lower your legs to feel support is the way to reduce injuries. If for some reason the kid does not want to master the sports complex, show by your own example how to do this.

Throw and catch

At the age of 1-1.5, it is advisable to start teaching the baby simple ball manipulations. It is good to suggest learning how to throw balls of different sizes. Acquaintance with this type of toy occurs in the first year of life, but with the advent of the ability to walk and run, the baby begins to train the coordination of hands and feet.

For the first lessons, light rubber balls are suitable, convenient for gripping with two hands, slightly inflated. A slightly deflated ball has less bounce and is easier for the child to hold and throw. Show how to let the ball out of your hands, give it the right direction, and catch it.

Children really like such activities, they are happy to run after a lost object, bend and unbend to pick it up. If you are shown how to play football, your child will happily try to kick the ball.

Endurance

An important quality available early preschool age, - endurance. Gradually increasing the load, offering the crumbs long long walks, giving the opportunity to run freely, motivating to study the capabilities of your body, it is easy to develop this important quality. But it is worth remembering that the baby is not yet fully ready for full-fledged travel - after a long walk, he needs a good rest.

Agility

Agility is no less important for physical development - the ability to coordinate actions, easily repeat a new exercise, adjust to the rules of the game, repeat and bring various movements to automatism.

An interested toddler learns to master own body, quickly decide what movement will need to be performed to solve the problem.

The development of dexterity in preschool children implies the development of fine and gross motor skills. It is necessary to introduce games with small objects in the early period. Various creative activities contribute well to mastering this skill. Dexterity of the body, depending on gross motor skills, finds its development in outdoor games. The need to dodge, squat or bounce are steps in mastering your own body.

Coordination of movements

Most outdoor games require crumbs to react quickly, which is not yet available due to age. The basic skills of coordinating the organs of the senses and the body are already well developed, therefore, from 12 months it is recommended to offer to perform exercises that require simultaneous actions in different parts body.

Better to start simple. Invite your child to learn how to eat with cutlery without help. Don't worry about spilled soup or an overturned cup. You will get better with each new attempt. Gradually teach your baby how to dress and put on shoes on his own, and do simple chores around the house. Each time, performing simple actions, the baby gets an invaluable experience of mastering his own body.

Fine motor skills

It is a mistake to believe that only gross motor skills, motor skills contribute to the physical development of a child large parts body. The ability to perform actions with the fingers and toes is an important component of the proper development of the body. By focusing on lacing, mosaic or plasticine, the baby is imperceptible to himself:

• will select a comfortable position for himself, giving a load on different muscle groups;
• train motor-visual coordination;
• stimulate the development of the brain;
• develop speech;
• with the help of parents, memorize the correct body position, while maintaining posture.

Dancing

Music leaves few people indifferent. The ability to convey internal sensations with the help of movements is an important component of physical, mental and mental development. Teach your child to move to the beat of the music, to show your feelings without words. Such gymnastics will give an additional incentive for the development of the emotional sphere, internal impulses will open up new facets of physical perfection.

By the age of three, most children are already quite good at controlling their own bodies. Early physical activity promotes muscle development. Coordination and the ability to keep balance come to the fore in the middle preschool age. During this period, some parents begin to select sports sections for their children, others intensively teach various types of games using additional means: a bicycle, a scooter, skis, etc.

Pediatricians consider the optimal age to attend sports clubs 4-5 years.

It is by this period that the child's body is ready for additional loads, the bones acquire sufficient strength, while maintaining flexibility. But having given the crumbs for training to specialists, you should not completely shift the care of the child's physical development to them. Games and an active lifestyle should accompany the baby throughout the entire period of growing up, regardless of whether he goes to the section or not.

With sufficient loads and attention from adults by the age of 5, children are already capable of a lot:

• keep your body in a given position for some time;
• maintain and quickly change the direction of movement;
• perform movement while maintaining amplitude and pace;
• playing with the ball, catching and dodging it.

Speed

At the age of three, the child already walks and runs very well, therefore, the main direction of development during this period is to increase the running speed. Gradually, various additional movements begin to be applied, allowing you to manipulate objects at speed, make turns and inclines without reducing speed. A separate skill that is worth paying attention to at this age is the skill of stopping quickly while running. It is very important to teach the baby to stop quickly in order to avoid unwanted collisions, falls with an incorrect muscle grouping.

The formation of the skills of stopping, dodging objects, and quickly changing direction is facilitated by simple games - catch-up, tag, hide and seek. From the age of three, the baby begins to be interested in communicating with peers, so it is advisable to conduct these games in the children's campaign.

Power

Imitating adults, already at the end of the early period, children begin to show interest in a variety of actions associated with the raising of objects, their movement. Let your little one practice their everyday skills. When leaving the store, offer him a separate bag of groceries, give him the opportunity to help you move or move a chair or a box of toys.

At the age of three, it is good to introduce exercises for maintaining your own weight:

• pull-ups. Invite the baby to try to lift its own weight;
• "bridge". Extending the body from a prone position, keeping the weight on the arms and legs;
• "Birch". Lying on your back, raise your legs up as high as possible, holding your body with your hands behind your back.

Endurance

By offering various outdoor games, long walks, entertainment with sports equipment, adults help to train endurance. This quality is very important for attending sports clubs, active sports, the development and formation of game and physical skills.

Agility

Middle preschool age involves intensive work on the development of fine and gross motor skills. The development of existing skills and the acquisition of new ones develop the child's general dexterity, allowing him to quickly, correctly, rationally find an option for solving the task. Thoroughly studied movements gradually turn into automatic mode, allowing the child to perform a large number of movements without additional effort.

Flexibility

Increasing the baby's motor capabilities in the middle preschool period allows parents to introduce exercises to develop body flexibility. This is an important component of the overall coordination of the body, allowing by the age of 6-7 years to get rid of awkward movements, lead the baby to smooth movements, teach him how to correctly enter falls, prevent unwanted consequences... Body flexibility is increased through simple exercises (bends, squats) and exercises on gymnastic apparatus (fitball, wall bars).

Equilibrium

At 3-3.5 years old, it is good to start teaching the skill of maintaining balance. Teach your baby:

• walking on a log;
• stand on one leg;
• turn your head, body, raise your arms without lifting your feet from the floor.

Bicycle, rollerblades, skates, skis

From the age of three, a wide variety of sports equipment becomes available to children. It's good if your baby learns as much as possible in the preschool period. Using a bicycle, skates, run bike, scooter:

• gives a good load on the muscles;
• develops balance;
• trains endurance;
• increases dexterity;
• brings pleasure and joy.

Letting your child master the multitude different types physical activity, adults solve several problems of the preschool period - the formation of a healthy strong organism, the development of immunity, the development of the child's psychoemotional sphere.

What a child should be able to do by 5-6 years:

• Control your movements. Be able to run or stop on command;
• Catch the ball, knock it on the floor, and then grab it;
• Maintain balance for 15-20 seconds while standing on one leg;
• Jump up and to the sides;
• Move along the log;
• Ride a bicycle;
• Jump over the rope 3-5 times;
• Fasten and unfasten buttons, zippers, fasteners.

6-9 years is a time of great changes. At this time, most children begin to attend school, enter a new phase of their development. The sports experience gained during the preschool period allows us to cope with new challenges, to accept new living conditions. The development of the body by this period passes into a calm stage. Before adolescence, there is a sharp decline in the rate of weight gain and growth. Activity decreases, the baby can spend some time focusing on tasks.

The movement of children 6-9 years old becomes smooth, rhythmic. A future student can cover a sufficiently large distance, perform a full range of exercises for 30-40 minutes. The body is proportional, motor skills are brought to automatism. The work on maintaining high muscle tone throughout the day comes to the fore, control of correct posture, and foot placement.

Healthy lifestyle

In preparation for school and subsequent training in primary grades, parents need to be careful about developing the foundations of a healthy lifestyle. Suggest how to balance study load and physical exercise, control posture when exercising at the table, carefully select a diet that allows you to saturate the child's body and brain for increased mental stress.

Coordination

Although most of the skills are already formed and used automatically, the work on further coordination of movements should not stop. During this period, it is necessary to introduce new types of exercises, games aimed at children of primary school age.

Agility

With sufficient attention of parents to the development of fine motor skills in previous periods, by the age of 6 the child is already quite ready to learn to write. But do not give up various exercises for the development of fingers. Mosaics, puzzles, creative activities will play a large role throughout school life, stimulating:

• brain function;
• psycho-emotional balance;
• creative component.

Strength and endurance

By the age of 6, you can arrange long bike trips with your child, walks in the forest or around the city for several hours. The more time and energy the baby spends in the company of his parents, studying the world around him, the better his physical skills will develop, and stable psychoemotional connections will form.

Sport sections

If your baby has not yet visited the sports section, then it's time to think about this question. In case of a match, be guided by his preferences and capabilities. It's good if the kid can try several options and stop at one.

Some tips for the physical development of preschool and primary school children

When dealing with the physical development of a child, each parent should remember about simple principles:

• From simple to complex. Introduce new elements and games into the child's life gradually, assessing his capabilities. It is not necessary to acquaint the baby with a whole complex of exercises at once. Acquaintance with new motor skills should occur gradually, after the complete mastering of the previous one;
• Individuality. Your child is unique and develops in its own way. Do not get too carried away with the achievement of the norms and frameworks established by WHO. Your child's comfort and health should be your top priority;
• Achievement of mastery. After studying the exercise, do not put it aside. Repeat over and over until you notice that the baby is using it automatically.
• Increased load. For the growth and development of the physical data of the crumbs, it is necessary to constantly increase the proposed load. If today the kid himself reached the store, then tomorrow offer him to do the same on the way back, the day after tomorrow go a long way with him.
• Support. Stimulate courage, endurance, perseverance as the main drivers of development. Achieving small sports victories, overcoming obstacles in preschool age, the little one will learn to deal with difficulties in the future life, to go towards the goal, without slowing down the pace.

The physical development of a child is the path to health and good spirits of your baby. Do not neglect the opportunity to give a baby happy childhood full of adventure, ensure a healthy future. Helping your toddler learn all the necessary skills is easy. Be there and help to find out everything that will interest the little researcher.

With the appearance of a baby in the family, parents take responsibility for its correct development. The development of a little man will largely depend on heredity - genetically inherent psychophysical and anatomophysiological characteristics, the environment that surrounds him, and upbringing. One of the most important factors contributing to the development of a growing organism is physical education.

What tasks in the development of children does physical education solve?

The goal of youth and adult sports is the maximum development of certain motor functions, but for children it is a means of a completely different kind.

Good to know: if an adult body needs special training for development, then a child's body develops naturally, and physical activity should contribute to the formation of the musculoskeletal, ligamentous and muscular apparatus, as well as to increase the body's compensatory capabilities, and strengthen immunity.

Along with physical education great importance for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for children, it has to follow the rules of personal hygiene, hardening, organization of rational nutrition and adherence to the daily routine.

For babies who are just mastering the first skills, their physical activity is the optimal physical activity. In this light, parents should not limit their child to certain limits, for example, leave the child in the playpen or walker all the time. The best gym for kids in their first two years is a clean, warm, and safe floor space.

During physical education, the cardiovascular is activated, respiratory systems, the metabolism is accelerated, the musculoskeletal system is stimulated, physical endurance develops, motor skills are improved, there is a positive effect on mental and mental development. However, for the effects of exercise to be truly beneficial, early physical education must be enjoyable, fun, and playful.

When working with a child, it should be remembered that at present not only muscles, tendons and ligaments are growing, for the development of which, in its classic version, sports are designed. Natural development in the child's body, internal organs, bones, and the brain are affected, new cells, including nerve cells, are constantly being formed in it.

In order for these processes to take place fully, the little man needs not only stimulation of physical activity, but also, adequate rest, adequate to the loads received, otherwise the child's body will be in a state of lack of vital resources.

If the excessive load was one-time, then this will hardly affect the development of the body, however, the systematic repetition of such a situation, chronic fatigue, nervous overstrain will inevitably lead to inhibition and developmental delay. Thus, physical activity should always be optimal, fully comply with age characteristics and the skills of the child.

An obligatory element of physical education is hardening, which refers to the main ways to increase the body's resistance to temperature fluctuations during external environment... In this case, the formation of adaptive reactions occurs with the participation of reflex, cellular and other mechanisms. Receptors - nerve endings that are on the skin, perceive various irritations and transmit them to the central nervous system. As a result, the blood supply of the vessels of the skin and internal organs changes, sweating increases or decreases.

To obtain a positive effect, it is necessary to adhere to some principles, including applying them systematically in all seasons, the strength of the irritating effect should be increased gradually, and it is also necessary to take into account the individual characteristics and emotional state of the child.

Hardening is done using natural factors (air, water, sun)... Air hardening should be started by simply ventilating the room. Other methods of air hardening include walks, air baths. In order for the walk to bring the proper effect, the child must be dressed according to the weather and so that the clothes do not hinder his movements. Air baths also obeys certain rules... They are carried out twice a day, gradually increasing the time from five minutes to half an hour. In this case, the baby should be vigorous, have a good mood, if signs of hypothermia appear (goose bumps), then he should be immediately dressed. In the future, it may be necessary to reduce the time of the procedure or reduce the area of ​​the exposed skin surface.

Water hardening procedures may include rubbing, dousing, showering, bathing, swimming. All hygiene procedures using water, if properly organized, can have a hardening effect. The most potent natural hardening factor is the sun's rays. They are subdivided into direct, oblique, diffuse and reflected.

Important: due to the significant physiological effect that radiation has on the child's body, sun hardening for children should be used with extreme caution.

For hardening purposes, scattered rays or otherwise chiaroscuro, which can be observed under the crowns of trees, are most suitable. Thus, children can take light-air baths.

Not the least important for the preservation of children's health is adherence to the daily regimen and rest... The main means of rest is good sleep, while the child should get enough sleep. Someone needs less time for this, someone more. Children usually spend at least 9 hours sleeping. Allowing children to lie in bed for a long time is undesirable, it disorganizes them, it is much better to do joint morning exercises, which will give a boost of energy for the whole day not only to the baby, but also to the parents.

Physical activity for the little ones

As mentioned earlier, the optimal physical activity for children under one year old is their own physical activity. The baby learns to roll over, hold his head, sit down, stand on his legs. All this is a lot of work for him, although for older children it does not require much effort.

Until the age of one year, it is possible to help strengthen the musculo-ligamentous apparatus of a child with the help of, and influence the formation of immunity through prolonged breastfeeding and hardening procedures.

After a year, when the child acquires upright walking skills and, due to his mobility, perceives massage sessions not so calmly, classes must acquire a playful form. Walking at this age, the first necessary exercise, therefore, you need to encourage this skill in every possible way, call the baby standing at an insignificant distance, provoking him to come up to mom or dad, hide something in his fist or behind his back and invite him to find out what is hidden there. There is simply no better time to study with your child than a walk. Simultaneously with the training of the upright walking skill, the baby breathes fresh air, his body is enriched with oxygen and produces vitamin D, which is formed in the skin under the influence of sunlight. While on a walk, you can offer a 1.5-2 year old baby to walk along the edge. Such an activity teaches the child to walk correctly, contributes to the upbringing of a sense of balance, the development of coordination of movements.

At the age of two or three, classes become more and more diverse. Physical activity should include overcoming obstacles, playing with various gymnastic equipment, including with a ball. The workout can be performed, accompanied by rhymes and nursery rhymes, or using other forms of play, for example, invite the child to find his favorite toy, walk like a duck or jump like a frog or bunny. The example of adults has a beneficial effect on the desire of children to do the exercises, since babies are prone to imitation. If the mother shows the exercise and compares it with the movement of an animal or a familiar character from a fairy tale, then the likelihood that the child will remember and repeat it increases many times over. In addition, there is a great educational meaning in joint activities.

Advice: children aged three to five years, who no longer need outside help in order to walk, should actively move for at least three hours a day. But this time should be evenly distributed throughout the day.

If it is supposed to perform a set of exercises with the child, then its duration should not exceed 35-40 minutes, and the exercises are compulsorily selected in accordance with the motor skills already acquired by the baby and the characteristics of his mental and physical development. Gymnastic complex should cover all muscle groups, be aimed at their sequential development, include consistent work and short-term rest (about 40 seconds between exercises).

Loads for preschoolers

With muscular loads, children under four years of age get very tired, however, as the structural and functional maturation of skeletal muscles and elements of the central nervous system the energy capabilities of the organism and its ability for physical work increase.

For preschoolers, the concept of physical culture consists of:

• morning exercises
• physical education
• outdoor games
• sports entertainment.

Morning exercises

Such exercises contribute to the formation of correct posture, train the activity of organs and systems, prepare the body for daytime stress. Gymnastics includes walking, running, jumping and exercises for different muscle groups, including stretching, raising the arms up and to the sides, circular movements with the arms, squats, bends and turns of the trunk, raising the legs. It is advisable to carry out morning exercises in the fresh air or in a well-ventilated area, as well as combine classes with hardening procedures, that is, engage in a minimum amount of clothing.

Physical education classes

For physical education you will need Sports Equipment like a hoop, ball, ladder, horizontal bar. It's great if the house has a wall bars. First, you can teach a child to throw the ball from different positions, with different hands, catch it, hit the ball on the target, jump in length and height, climb ladders and climb over obstacles. A set of exercises usually takes 40-45 minutes and consists of introductory, main and final parts. The introductory and concluding parts are given 6-8 minutes. At this time, it is supposed to prepare the child for the upcoming stress and allow the body to relax after it.

Important: start physical education you can walk, and end with stretching and breathing exercises. Abrupt cessation of training, that is, the absence of the final stage, has Negative influence on the heart and blood vessels.

The main part of the classes consists of general developmental exercises already familiar to the child, aimed at developing strength, dexterity, flexibility, speed, and learning new ones. In this case, power loads are considered optimal if the projectile (ball, dumbbell) can be lifted by the baby over his head 8-10 times with one hand, while making an effort.

Outdoor games

In the life of preschoolers, this type of physical education plays a significant role. Such games improve all the acquired skills of the child. They are usually held outdoors, and the resulting load is regulated by the duration of the game, its intensity, the availability of rest breaks, and also depends on the number of players and the size of the playground. Children 5-6 years old can already begin to acquaint with the simplified rules of games such as volleyball, basketball, football. As a rule, children are delighted to play with their parents, and then with their peers in the yard and school.

Sports entertainment

These include cycling, sledding, ice skating, rollerblading, skiing, swimming. As early as 2-3 years old, a child can ride a bicycle. Only at this age do children ride three-wheeled iron horses or with two additional wheels screwed to the rear wheel. For preschoolers, a two-wheeled bicycle is suitable, the dimensions of which will correspond to their height. Skiing and sledding are available for children from 3-4 years old, but it is advisable to start learning ice skating and rollerblading from the age of five. Swimming is a vital skill. With a systematic visit to the pool, this type of sports entertainment serves as a way of hardening the body.

If the child is a schoolboy

In a school institution, physical training is allocated certain time... However, it is not enough for full physical development. In the period from seven to ten years, the foundations are laid for the formation of physical potential, new opportunities open up for obtaining complex motor skills, however, with the beginning of school attendance, the child's body will have to cope with additional mental and psychological stress, adjust to the new daily routine, therefore, the performance of children at this time, as a rule, is reduced.

Advice: pupils of the first grades more than ever need quality rest, balanced nutrition, time for favorite activities, as well as additional loads carried out in a playful way.

At home, the child can do morning exercises with his parents or play a game in which he temporarily becomes a coach and teaches his mother a particular exercise. Significant changes in morphology muscle fibers occurs at 12-13 years old. This time is a turning point for the development of physical performance. During this period, muscle endurance increases significantly and, accordingly, the risk of overwork decreases.

Periods of Optimal Performance

Depending on the time of day, not only the mental, but also the physical performance of children is found. Himself high level it reaches from 10 to 14 and from 17 to 19 hours. Efficiency increases gradually from 7 to 10 in the morning and from 16 to 17 in the evening and also gradually fades from 14 to 16 in the afternoon and starting at 19 in the evening. From 11 pm to 6 am, as a rule, the least efficiency is noted.

When planning physical education for your child, you should remember about his individual characteristics. For children who are larks, it is advisable to shift the workout 1.5-2 hours closer, and for owls, push the workout time back by the same period of time. In addition, it must be borne in mind that performance will be reduced for 1-1.5 hours after eating.

Good to know: periods of optimal performance are also distinguished during the week. So, it is optimal to plan the greatest physical activity on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday.

The best results are obtained by working out the body every 5-7 days, so it is enough to choose one of these three days. The week also has days when performance increases (Sunday and Monday), and days when performance decreases (Friday and Saturday). In this way, on Sunday and Monday, training should be done at a lower intensity, and it is advisable to devote Friday and Saturday to loads aimed at developing coordination and dexterity.

The frequency of training for schoolchildren in summer and during school hours may differ. During summer holidays, they can be more intense or they can be carried out more often, since the child does not receive additional mental stress, he has a lot of time to rest, he gets enough sleep, and he eats well. The exact opposite situation occurs when a child is ill. During illness, any workouts should be canceled. If the child's body temperature is not elevated, then only walks are shown to him, since fresh air has a beneficial effect and accelerates recovery. After illness, you should start with light training. It usually takes at least two weeks to restore tone. If the child becomes ill during the exercise, then you should not continue training, it is better to postpone it until the next time.

Learn more about the importance of good nutrition and drinking

Adequate nutrition contributes to the accelerated development of the child. The main material for the formation of muscle tissue is protein, so a growing body needs a large number of this substance. A child's daily diet should contain at least 40 grams of animal proteins, since vegetable proteins are significantly inferior to them in quality and do not contain some essential amino acids. Thus, throughout the day, the child's menu should include dairy products (milk, yogurt, cottage cheese), meat and fish (but not more than 300 grams per day), eggs, cooked soft-boiled or in the form of fried eggs. The thing is that the protein is absorbed better after heat treatment, and the yolk is raw.

Good to know: water is also necessary for the normal functioning of the body. The norm is considered 40 grams of water per kilogram of body weight per day, but with an active lifestyle, this indicator needs to be adjusted upward.

However, drinking during the workout itself is not recommended, as this increases the load on the heart. You can restore the body's fluid reserves, wasted during exercise, after the body enters its normal mode of life. You can drink not only water. You can quickly restore the body's energy resource and muscle tissue with 1-2 glasses of milk with 1-2 tablespoons of honey. Such a drink is shown as after strength training, and after active games, but after a while it should still be supplemented with plain water.

Physical development of the child. Video