Marking, painting and closure of ammunition. Employment handling on firing position and during transportation

Introductory information

What data can be obtained from marking?

What is it done for?

Specificity of idle cartridges

Suddenly suddenly found a cartridge

What else can be mentioned from antiquities?

Is there something more recurrently?

What can I say, looking at the packaging?

Observed changes

About assembly cartridges

About latched cartridges

Conclusion

31.03.2020

For the rapid and error-free determination of the appointment of ammunition, their calibers and other basic characteristics necessary for the correct configuration and operation, markings, painting and marking of ammunition are used.

Data on the manufacture of projectile housing, sleeve, fuse, ignition tools are applied in the form of a stamp, and information about the type and equipment of the projectile, the manufacture of gunpowder and combat charge are applied in the form of marking and distinctive color.

Brand

Stamps call signs (letters, numbers), extruded or knocked out on the outer surface of shells, fuses or tubes, sleeves and inflammation means.

Artillery shells have basic and duplicate stamps (Fig. 1).

The main stamps include signs showing the number of the plant 3, the number of the party 4 and the year of manufacture 5 , Corps (bottom) of the projectile, Metal Melting Room 1, Stack of Technical Control Department of the Plant 6, Stamp Military Representative Grau 8 and Brinel Sample Print 2.

The stamps are applied on the outer surface of the projectile by the manufacturer in accordance with the drawing. Their location can be different and depends on the caliber of the projectile, metal and the design of its shell.

If the projectile has a screw head or a screw bottom, then the factory number, the party and the year of manufacture of these elements are applied to them.

On the armorbeat-tracing projectiles, the number of the party, the stigma of the OTP and the stamp of the warfold is put on the leading belt. This is explained by the fact that these stamps are applied after thermal processing of the case. Duplicate stimples are applied at factories producing equipment equipment, and serve in case of loss of marking. These include: cipher explosive (smoke-forming) substance 7, which is equipped with a projectile, and weight (ballistic) signs 9.

The meaning of the brand on the mines is the same as on artillery shells.

They are located on the tail and on the pipe stabilizer.

Stamps on combat and rocket parts and pyrosides of reactive shells in content and meaning are not different from the stamps of shells and min.

The stamps on the fuses and tubes (Fig. 2) indicate:

· The brand of the fuse 1 (installed abbreviated name);

· Factory cipher 2 (number or initial letters);

· Production room number 3;

· Year of manufacture 4.

In addition, the rings of pyrotechnic remote explosives and tubes indicate the number of the batch of recession of the remote composition 5.

On head fuses, stamps are applied on the side surface of the case. On the bottom explosals having a traceser - along the circumference of the body flange, and in the absence of a traceser - directly on the bottom cut case. On remote fuses and tubes, similar stimples are located on the outer surface of the case of the case so that they can be seen when the thrustering cap is screwed.

Magnifier on the sleeves (Fig. 3) and capsule sleeves (Fig. 4) are put only at the bottom.

Coloring ammunition

The coloration of ammunition is divided into safety and distinctive.

Safety color is used to protect the metal from corrosion. In peacetime, the outer surface of all shells and min caliber more than 37-mm is painted paint gray or other provided technical Conditions. The exception is practical shells painted in black, and agitation shells and mines - in red. Handles of 37-mm calibers and less, as well as centering thickening and leading belts in all shells.

In addition, shells intended for the shots of unitary charges are not colored the place of the projectile connection with the sleeve. All non-painted elements of shells and mines are covered with colorless varnish.

IN war time On the shells and mines caliber up to 203 mm, the safety color is usually not applied. As an anti-corrosion coating, a lubricant is used, which must be removed before shooting on the firing position.

The distinctive color is applied to some shells, mines, sleeves, fuses and capsule sleeves.

Distinctive coloring and mines are usually applied in the form of colored ring strips.

Distinctive strips applied on the head of the projectile (mines) or under the upper centering thickening, denote the type of projectile and facilitate their recognition for their intended purpose.

Colors, location and value of the distinctive coloring on shells and mines are given in Table. one.

Fig. 2. Stamps on fuses and tubes

To distingvia the sub-caliber shells of the streamlined shape from other armor-piano-tracing shells, the head of them by 35 mm is painted in red.

Table 1

On the fragmentation and smoke shells, the housings of which are made of steel cast iron, a solid ring strip of black is applied to the lower centering thickening or lead belt. Thus, the smoke panel of the staple cast iron will have two black stripes - one on the head side, and the other above the lower centering thickening. All other shells are easily recognized by the outer view and the distinctive painting do not have.

On the sleeves of unitary charge shots, assembled with a reduced charge, the above marking is applied with a solid ring strip of black. The same band inflicted on the sleeve to the shot of a separate sleeve charge, indicates that a special charge is assembled in the sleeve designed for the shooting of an armor-powered tracing projectile.

The distinctive color is applied to the fuses and tubes if there are several samples similar to appearance, but excellent in the actions in the goal or appointment.

On capquil sleeves, the distinctive color is applied and only after their restoration. After the first restoration on the chord of the bottom cut, the capsuil sleeves is applied one white strip 5 mm wide, and after the secondary - two white parallel strips of 5 mm wide each.

Indexing ammunition

All things artillery armament, including ammunition, are divided into ten departments (species).

The rooms of the departments have a two-digit number and begin with the numbers 5. If the number of the department is another digit, then these means that this item is not in the leading of the Grau.

Shots, shells, mines, fuses, tubes and their capping are attributed to the 53rd department; charges, sleeves, means of ignition, auxiliary elements of shots and their capping - to the 54th Department; ammunition small arms And manual grenades - to the 57th Department. Each item is assigned a brief symbol - index.

In ammunition indexes are assigned artillery shots, their elements and capping.

Indices are full and abbreviated.

The full index consists of two digits standing ahead, one - three letters standing in the middle, and three digits worth the right of the letters.

For example, 53-Wof-412. The first two digits denote the weapon department to which the sample belongs, the letter - type of the sample (in most cases, the initial letters of the sample name), the last three digits are the sample number.

If a shot or its element (projectile, charge) is adopted for archery from a certain tool (mortar), then he is assigned the same number that has an instrument. If the element of the shot is intended for firing from various guns of one caliber, then instead of the last digit of the index, zero is installed. For example: 53-M-530.

The value of letters included in the ammunition indices are shown in Table. 2.

No. of armament	Letter notation	Name items
	W.	Unitary Cartridge
IN	Shot of separate charging
F.	Fougal grenade
ABOUT	Shard grenade
OF.	Grenade
OR	Fragant tracer shell
OZ	Excipheral incendiary tracer shell
Br.	Armorway tracer shell
Bp	Cumulative rotating shell
BK	Cumulative non-breaking shell
G.	Concomplete shell
D.	Smoke shell
	Incendiary shell
FROM	Lighting shell
BUT	Agitational shell
PBR	Practical armorway tracer shell

In the event that a new sample of ammunition is taken into service, similar to the appointment and name with an existing sample to this tool, but having features that affect ballistics or operational properties. At the end of the index, one - three letters are put.

For example, 100 mm field gun arr. 1944 had an armor-piano-tracer oscillating projectile index 53-BR-412. A 100-mm armor-sized tracer shell with a blur and ballistic tip is adopted. In contrast to the first, it is assigned the 53-BR-412B index. Later, the armor-piano-tracer shell of improved armored armor (shell with armor-piercing and ballistic tips) is taken to the same tool), which is assigned to the 53-BR-412D index.

The abbreviated index differs from full of the fact that it does not have the first two-digit number. For example, BR-412D; Wof-412u.

In the labeling on shots, shells, mines, sleeves and capping, the abbreviated index is affixed, and in marking on the cards and the covers of combat charges, as well as in the technical documents - the full index.

Marking

The labeling is called inscriptions and conditional signs deposited by paint on ammunition and their capping.

The labeling is applied to the shells, mines, sleeves, cardunes and their capping of a special paint of black. On practical shells, black painted, marking is applied white paint.

Labeling shells. The marking is applied to the head and cylindrical part of the projectile (Fig. 5). The head of the projectile equipment is available on the head. These include: an explosive cipher 6, which is equipped with a projectile, number of equipment 1, party 2 and year of equipment 3. On the cylindrical part of the abbreviated name (index) 8, Caliber of the projectile 4 and ballistic (weight) signs 5. On armor-piercing shells except The above data under the cipher of the explosive is applied to the brand of the bottom explosion 9, which the projectile is given in the finally equipped look.

For abbreviated designation of explosive, smoke-forming and poisoning substances, ciphers are used.

The most common explosives that are equipped with shells have the following ciphers:

· Troil - T;

· Troil with a smoke-flowing checker - TDA;

· Troil with dinitronaftaline - TD-50, TD-58;

· Troil with hexogen - TG-50;

· Troil, hexogen, aluminum, Golovaks - TGAG-5;

· Ammotole - A-40, A-50, A-60, A-80, A-90 (digit shows the percentage of ammonium nitrate);

· Ammotol with TNT tube - AT-40, AT-50, etc.;

· Hexogen phlegmatized - A-IX-1;

· Hexogen phlegmatized with aluminum powder - A-IX-2

In chimneys instead of the cipher of BB, the cipher of the smoke-forming substance 7 is set.

Weight (ballistic) sign applied on the projectile shows the departure of the weight of this projectile from the table weight. If the projectile has a tabular weight or deviation from it into a large or smaller side of no more than 1/3%, then they put the letter N, which means weight normal. If the weight of the projectile deviates from the table more than 1/3%, then this is reflected by the signs of "plus" or "minus". Each sign is given weight fluctuations in the range of 2/3% of the table (Table 3).

Table 3. Values \u200b\u200bof weighing signs applied on projectiles

Note. Shells with LG and DJ signs are allowed only in wartime in a particular resolution of the Grau.

Marking on the sleeve. On the housing of the sleeve with a charge, the marking is applied with an artillery base, assembled shots of unitary charge or shit shot of separate charge.

The marking indicates: Abbreviated shot index 2, caliber and abbreviated name of the artillery system, for shooting from which shot 3, brand of gunpowder 4, party number 5 and year of manufacture of gunpowder 6, cipheral factory cipher 7, party number 8, year of assembly 9 and Base number (Arsenal) 10, assembled shot.

On the sleeve to the shot of a separate sleeve charge instead of the shot index, the charge index is applied.

If the charge is assembled with the phlegmatizer, then below the data assembly data put the letter "F" 11. In some cases, the labeling on the sleeve can be supplemented with inscriptions 1: "Full variable", "Reduced", "Special", etc.

Marking on capping. On the capping drawer with shots marking indicates:

- on the front wall of the box - the abbreviated designation of the gun 1, for the shooting of which shots are designed, the type of combat charge 2, the type of projectile 3, the weight sign 4, the number of shots in the box 5, the party assembly batch, the year of the assembly and the number of the base, assembled shots 6 , brand of head fuses 7 screwed into the shells, plant number, batch and year of manufacture of fuses 8, month, year and the number of the base 9, which produced the shooting of shots in a finally equipped look; If the shots are stored in an unknown fit, then the labeling about the fracture on the front wall of the box is not applied;

- on the end wall of the box - the projectile index 10, the number of the gear plant 11, the party 12 and the year of the equipment of the shells 13, cipher BB 14, if the shots are shots with armor-piano-tracing shells, then after the BB cipher indicates the brand of the bottom explosion to which the projectile is given In a finally equipped look;

- On the drawer lid - a sign of danger and a discharge of cargo 15.

In modern times, a large number of different cartridges are used, which are similar to externally. This led to the application of labels that allow them to distinguish them. What do they imagine? Where are they applied? And what does the cartridge marking? What can she be? Here is a brief list of questions that will be considered.

Now not only weapons cartridges are spread, but also construction with turning. Separately, it is possible to recall the idle, which, although not apply in the military, but still deserve attention. In this case, the required information can be displayed in different ways. For example, with stamps, coloring or labels. It should be noted that at least from the beginning of the introduction of cartridge marking and a fairly little time passed, it is impossible to confidently say that the same rules have been operating as the century ago. Something appeared and added to the system, other approaches, on the contrary, were out of every way. It was the production of concrete then decided to close it. And such situations a great set.

The designations on the cartridges lead their origin from the stigs of masters who put their marks on various goods (weapons, jewelry and pottery and so on). Currently, two main functions are entrusted at the marks: advertising and technically information.

Mainly:

Service stamps. As a rule, it is a marking on the diacon of the cartridge. It allows you to learn about the place of manufacture (country, enterprise), type (name) and caliber. The time of creation, material, purpose, model and type of weapons can also be posted.
Coloring elements. It can be applied on bullets, capsuli, data of part of the sleeves. Speaks about the type of cartridge, some features of its device or destination.
Labels. They contain the same data as on the stamp. In addition, there may be certain information about the elements of cartridges, ballistic characteristics and other things. Often because of the need for a large area for messages to all the necessary information are applied on wooden boxes, moistureproof packages, cardboard boxes, paper bags, metal boxes.

Marks left are conditional signs that are presented in the form of numbers, drawings and letters extruded on the surface of the cartridges. They may be service or control. The first allows you to obtain data about the manufacturer, the production date, the time of creation, certain structural features, purpose and some other information, which is characteristic of a certain period of time or inherent in a certain country at all.

The control terminal suggests that the cartridge complies with the established quality requirements, and this was convinced of a responsible person (or commission). But they are usually put only on powerful ammunition, such as shells from artillery guns.

Depending on the type and destination on the marking may contain certain information. For example, on military cartridges is often accommodated only how on hunting and sports applications are not uncommon. This is done through various visual forms (decorative elements, font types, and so on), content (memorable and catchy name, own names). In such cases, everything is usually done in order to emphasize the quality of the product and their popularity.

But the main purpose of the stamps, the coloring of elements and labels is that they together form a system of conditional signs that contain the information necessary for the difference in species and the purpose of cartridges. Although additional properties may be. For example, the coloring of the cartridges is used to provide a distinguishing feature of the same type, which is easily perceived, or to quickly report on the assignment of the cartridges. At the same time, it is also a means of protection against corrosion processes.

In the domestic tradition, the painting of the head part of the bullet is used (its vertex). This decision is made since Russian Empire. For example, an armor-piercing bullet is painted in red and black colors. Green is chosen for tracing cartridges. Ordinary cartridges of distinctive painting do not have. Such is observed in a number of foreign armies.

Sometimes you can meet the coloration of the caps in the connecting places with the dool of the sleeve. In this case, it is used not only to obtain a distinguishing feature, but also for tightness. True, such an approach delivers certain inconvenience when creating cartridges and visual definition of the nomenclature. What information can you learn, considering bullets? If briefly, the basic information is:

For Soviet (Russian): the year of manufacture and designation of the manufacturer.
Australian, Canadian, English: Type (Mark) and the name of the Creator Firm.
French: Time (quarter and year), Metal supplier designation for a sleeve.
German: It is indicated by the manufacturer, material, the party number, and when it was produced.
Italian: For private enterprises, only the year of manufacture and the name of the company created the product. For state: manufacturer, manufacturing time, controller initials.
Japanese: year creation (local calendar) and quarter, abbreviated name of the company.

Information is usually applied by pressing. Although sometimes you can meet a convex relief.

As you can see, time is not always indicated. In such cases, it is possible to navigate in the cartridges by the name of the company (compared with the date of work) or according to the variant of the adopted stamp. Also sometimes stamps may indicate additional informationLike the material of the sleeve, purpose, the design of the capsule, as well as other information like: Made by military order, issued to the customer, patent, and so on. In domestic bullets of the period of 1949-1954, an alphabetic designation was used to indicate the time period. You can also find additional icons in the form of two diametrically located five-pointed stars. Not rare are additional letters and numbers. As an example - for the aviation machine gun, an additional sh is provided at the end of the bottom part. The b-32 armorbonic-ignition was designated. For exemplary cartridges used white color.

By the way, what the label looks like there is no single solution. But, for example, in machine-gun cartridges of the caliber of 14.5 and 12.7 in the circumference of the joint of the sleeve with a cap and capsule, a sealant was used, additionally tinted with green. But the absence of a single approach creates certain problems. Now the most common products with red and green. But still, in order to avoid negative consequences, it is necessary to learn about this when purchasing weapons.

Most people get an ammunition in hand - it's not easy. And those who still have access to them usually possess also professional training: Police, Athletes, Hunters, Eger, Military. Therefore, the emergence of the situation when there is a supplision, and it is impossible to classify it, it is unlikely for them. After all, they are issued in the hands basically what is so well known.

But there were numerous military conflicts on our territory. From many it is possible to find a rusty iron and no more. But the great domestic left its trail to this day. And find the bullets of that period now is not a problem. Of course, according to the current legislation, it is necessary to inform the police and to surrender to the supremors. But it is interesting - what was found?

If we talk about the labeling of the ammunition of the Second World War used by the Soviet Union, 7.62x54 should be noted here in the first place. The sample of 1891 was stupid, whereas in the 1908th pointed one was presented. That is, they can be distinguished in shape. In addition, you can meet another cartridge on TT 7.62x25. This sample was used in such legendary weapons as PPS, PAP, PPS. Separately marked with green tracing bullets.

But not only domestic representatives come across. It may also be relevant to the marking of German cartridges of times of the Second World War. For example, 7.92x57. Their sleeves are distinguished by brass, bimetallic or steel varnishing. Moreover, both stupid and pointed ones are found.

Other bullets meet in the territory Soviet Union You can, although problematic. Basically, it is traveling and performing an auxiliary role of part. But if you move to other front, there are other cartridges of the Second World War. The labeling of the French 8x50R bullets is distinguished by a ring roller on the bottom. What is important, it is the first French smokeless rifle cartridge developed in 1886. But the most relevant is still the marking of the German cartridges of the Second World War, as well as the Soviet samples. Especially many of them can be found in places of large battles.

In our conditions, Mauser's cartridges cannot be bypass. Markings for standard samples of 6.5x55 are not much different from those used at the time. Namely - non-location of the stamp. Four elements were usually used, although there are bullets and two. If we talk about the Soviet Union, heredity is very good since the time of the Russian Empire. So, the marking of cartridges change has almost undergone. Is that heavy bullets and ammunition with a steel core ceased to be marked. This is not surprising, because when they just started to introduce, they were valuable rarity with a number of outstanding properties. Separately, it is worth mentioning 7.62, the sample of 1943, which came to replace the cartridge 1908. And this is not surprising, because for three and a half decades, the science and processing methods were able to move forward, opening the possibilities for creating new products.

Marking of cartridges of the time of the Second World War (and after) of this type was carried out mainly for incendiary tracing, slow and by the way, since they were made a lot of many, and there were no major conflicts, they can often be found in warehouses. In general, they are so good that they were updated and changed except their separate modifications made by relatively small batches.

At such a request is the marking of cartridges 5.45. Speaking of them (and if more specifically, about the sample of 1974), the bullets with a steel core, an increased penetration, tracing, with a reduced flight rate, armor-piercing and idle are distinguished. The first two types of some kind of specific color do not have. Although there should be noted that they do not need to note that they do not stop 16 millimeters of the third steel. Bullets with reduced flight speed are used in weapons equipped with a silent firing device. Armor-piercing can punch 5 millimeters of high-quality protection. The difference of idle is that they have a plastic tip, which is destroyed in the Channel of the weapon. In addition, you can also consider the work of the pistol bullets. For example, among 9 mm, it is necessary to highlight a bullet with a steel core. But she has no color differences. This can also be said about the cartridge 5.45, used in PSM pistols.

As mentioned above, information can be obtained, not only looking at the ammunition. Sometimes it is enough to look at one single packaging. In this case, the interest of color distinctive stripes, signs and inscriptions of black color. Much depends on what capacity you have to work. So, wooden boxes are marked on the lid and on one of the lateral walls. On the moistureproof packages, information is located on the longitudinal sides. If there is a metal box, then the information can be drawn on the lid. For labeling used staining by stencil, stamping by typographical way or using a special machine. If the conversation is about the box, a mass (gross, in kg) should be indicated on the lid. In addition, a transport sign that means the discharge of cargo is also provided. But it is only on Soviet products.

Since 1990, it was decided to indicate the conventional hazard number with a warning sign. As an alternative - a classification cipher is used in accordance with GOST 19433-88. At the same time, the marking of combat cartridges has its own distinctive features. So, on the wall you can find the symbol of this type: "rifle", "pistol", "sniper", "arr. 43. In addition, the party number is applied, the two last figures of the year of manufacture, the conditional number of the manufacturer, the gunpowder is marked, the number of cartridges and obturators, as well as a distinctive sign, a band or an inscription that allow you to characterize the type of cartridge.

If the box contains moisture-proof packages with ammunition, then informing the inscription on the wall is necessarily applied. The numerical value in millimeters is used to designate the caliber. But without dimension. In addition, they also apply symbol The species of ammunition and sleeve (indicates the material from which it is made). For exemplary cartridges, a replacement of a group cipher to reduce "OB". If we are talking about a party of powder, then its brand is indicated, the number and year of manufacture together with the designation of the manufacturer. It is very convenient, because marking on cartridge sleeves and substances is difficult to access: you need to open the box, unpack and watch. Then the account can go for seconds.

If you take a sample of an ammunition made in the Soviet Union, and modern cartridge, then it can be noted that they differ even in cases where the manufacturer is one. This is due to the fact that the adopted internal designation is not always clear for buyers abroad, such as Americans. Often, changes lead to the fact that it becomes difficult to classify the ammunition. For example, the labeling of hunting cartridges of the 5.6 caliber on a single Latin letter V (indicates the "East) is quite problematic. But it is used for training, also in sports. Thanks to the low price, he acquired pretty wide use. And here comes to the rescue additional elements. So, if there is a belt, then they are more, the better the ammunition. And it is more intended for use in the hunt for small game. If there is no, then its main purpose is sports shooting and training. Although changes are not always visible. So, if there is an inscription in English, then it is likely that this is an export party. Although it is not difficult to find "fresh" ammunition with the designation on Cyrillic.

At the very beginning of the article it was said that they were not only weapons. There are still assembly (they are building) cartridges. And, as it is easy to guess, the marking is also developed for them. Why? The fact is that the powder building pistols are designed for a certain underlying energy. It provides a shock drop of a dowel in metal or concrete surfaces. But if it is selected an inappropriate product, it can lead to a breakdown of the device and even injury. To avoid this, it was decided that the labeling of construction cartridges. What happens?

If briefly, then classified in color, height and diameter, number and packaging method. How does this affect the product? The power of charge in Joules depends on the color. In this case, the marking is carried out on the conical tip of the cartridge. Also distinguish short and long cartridges with different diameters. For example, there is a caliber of 5.6x16, 6.8x11, 6.8x18. The cartridge number indicates what the mass of the powder charge. And the packaging method says for which pistols they are intended. For example, multipart and automatic can only work with cartridges in the tape. Describing their device, it should be noted that they have a standard design. That is, all the cartridges consist of such parts: steel sleeve, capsul, dust, crimping.

We will analyze it in more detail. In the steel sleeve is a charge of smokeless powder. If the series K, then the entire space is filled. Letter D says that it is only in the bottom part. Pyzh is a pressed gun, which holds the shock composition in the sleeve. And crimping is carried out on top. At the same time, the color marking of cartridges is carried out.

They are special devices that are used to attach tools or parts on the spindle axis. Usually used as part of the front-headed lathe to clamp the processed parts. But it can also be installed in and turning tables. There are self-centered cartridges, as well as products with independent cams.

If we talk about marking, then with the products of the Soviet Union, everything is quite simple. After all, then the unified system was operated. Each cartridge had a cipher consisting of eight digits and the letter that indicated the accuracy class of the product. With the help of a special table, thanks to the labeling, it was possible to know the number of cams, the diameter of the cartridge, the accuracy class and some other parameters. Now it's not so unequivocal with this. A large number of different manufacturers and various manufacturers have created a situation where to try to give universal labeling with modern samples - the case is unsuccessful. If you are interested in what and how, it is necessary to look for a certain manufacturer, which created the device.

No. of the Arms Departments

Letter notation

Name items

U in f o of the OP OZ OZR BR BP BK G D S C A PBR

Unitary Cartridge Shot Separation Figured Pomegranate Pomegranate Pomegranate Pomegranate Pomegranate Pomegranate Grenade Coluting Shell Eraselessly Ingustive Tracing Shell Armorway Tracing Shell Cumulative Rotating Shell Cumulative Sharpling Shell Concreation Shell Smoke Shoulder Ignitioner Shell Lighting Header Agitation Projectile Practical Armor-Piting Trouncing Project

And b zhh zd zd zd z

The charge in a bag for filling in the sleeve charge in the carriage for the liner in the sleeve charge in the charge in the hyelze of nitroglyacyrin powder charge in the nitrodiglycolic powder sleeve charge in the nitroxylitan powder sleeve charge in the Cartuse to the Sent Cartus Shot

The article covered the marking of cartridges Great Patriotic War and modern ammunition. Of course, only basic information was discussed here, because there can always be a party of some cartridges, which moved away from the decision taken. But, nevertheless, if the labeling of rifle cartridges for military or civilian for hunting is falling, then information that helps with a high probability to find the necessary data is provided in sufficient amount.

And finally, it is necessary to affect security issues. It should always be remembered that it is necessary to work with objects of increased danger. It does not matter - mounting cartridge in hands, pistol or rifle - you always need to follow safety. Otherwise, you will have to pay our health or even life.

Holding cartridges in the hands, you need to do carefully. Do not bring to the source of heat, do not throw ababy as. Although the likelihood of a negative incident and low, it can happen with each. Always working with dangerous objects, it is necessary to remember that the safety rules are written by the blood of those who are neglected. And to keep your own health and life, you do not need to tempt fate. Especially - when there are such hazardous things in their hands, such as cartridges containing explosive substances and threatening themselves.

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marking ammunition

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On fragmentation and smoke shells, the housings of which are made of steel cast iron, over the lower centering thickening. Or the leading belt is applied with a solid ring strip of black. Thus, the smoke panel of the staple cast iron will have two black stripes - one on the head side, and the other above the lower centering thickening. All other shells are easily recognized by the outer view and do not have the distinctive painting,

The distinctive color is applied to the fuses and tubes if there are several samples similar in appearance, but excellent in the target or destination.

On capquil sleeves, the distinctive color is applied only after their restoration. After the first restoration on the chord of the bottom cut, the capsess sleeves are applied one white strip width 5 mm,and after the secondary - two white parallel strips width 5 mM.each.

All objects of artillery weapons, including ammunition, are divided into ten departments (species).

The separation numbers have a two-digit number and begin with the numbers 5. If the department's number will be another digit at the beginning, this means that this item is not in leading the Grau.

Shots, shells, mines, fuses, tubes and their capping are attributed to the 53rd department.

Charges, sleeves, means of ignition, auxiliary elements of shots and their capping - to the 54th Department.

Small arms ammunition and hand grenades - to the 57th Department. Each item is assigned a brief symbol - index.

In ammunition, indexes are assigned to artillery shots, their elements and capping.

Indices are full and abbreviated.

Full index It consists of two digits standing ahead, one - three letters standing in the middle, and three digits worth the right of letters.

For example, 53-Wof-412. The first two digits indicate the weapon department to which the sample belongs, the letter - the type of sample (in most cases, the initial letters of the name of the image), the last three digits are the sample number.

If the shot or his element (projectile, charge) is accepted on arms archery from a certain tool (mortar), then he is assigned the same number that has a tool. If the element of the shot is intended for firing from various guns of one caliber, then instead of the last digit of the index, zero is installed. For example: 53-M-530.

In the event that a new sample of ammunition is adopted, similar to the appointment and name with an existing sample to this tool, but having features that affect ballistics or operational properties, one - three letters are put at the end of the index.

For example, 100 mm field gun arr. 1944 had an armor-piano-tracer oscillating projectile index 53-BR-412. A 100-mm armor-pipe tracer shell with a blur and ballistic tip is adopted. Unlike the first, it is assigned an index of 53-BR-412B. Later, an armor-piano-tracer shell of improved armored aircraft (shell with armor-piercing and ballistic tips) is taken to the same tool), which is assigned to the 53-BR-412D index.

The value of letters included in the ammunition indexes are shown in the table.

Abbreviated index It differs from full of the fact that it does not have the first two-digit number. For example, BR-412D; Wof-412u.

In 1955, a new indexation was introduced, in which new samples of weapons, ammunition and property are assigned shorter indices, encrypting caliber and type of weapons and ammumbers.

For this indexation, the full product index includes:

Conditional number of the armament department;

The sequence number of the product is within this category.

The weapon department is denoted by one digit, starting from scratch, the product category - the letters of the Russian alphabet, the sequence number as the next number of the product record in the "key sheet".

For example, consider the full index 3bk6. In this index, the figure 3 denotes the arms department; BK - cumulative non-breaking projectile; 6-sample number of the projectile. Or 2a7, where 2 is the weapon department; A- category of the subject (artillery system); 7-sequence of the sample in the "key sheet".

The abbreviated index of these products does not have the first digit, such as BK6 and A7. The reduced index is used in the designation of products in the technical documentation and in the service correspondence; In the latter case, the product name is given before the abbreviated index, for example "A7 gun". If the product is upgraded, then the letter M and the figure showing the model number (modernization) is installed at the end of the index.

Question number 3 "Marking of ammunition and capping"

Marking called Inscriptions and conditional signs deposited by paint on ammunition and their capping.

The marking is applied on the shells, mines, sleeves, cardunes and their closure of special paint black. On practical shells, black painted, marking is applied white paint.

Labeling shells. The label is applied to the head and cylindrical part of the projectile. The head of the projectile equipment is available on the head. These include: explosive cipher 6 , which is equipped with a projectile, number of equipment 1, party 2 and year of gear 3 . On the cylindrical part Abbreviated name (index) 8, caliber of the projectile 4 and ballistic (weight) signs 5. On the armorboratory tracing shells, in addition to the above data, a brand of bottom fuse is applied under the cipher of an explosive substance. 9, which the projectile is given in the finally equipped look.

For abbreviated designation of explosive, smoke-forming: and poisoning substances are used by ciphers.

The most common explosives that are equipped with shells have the following ciphers:

TROTIL - T;

Troil with a smoke-flowing chashkin;

Troil with dinitronaftaline - TD-50, TD-58;

Troil with hexogen - TG-50;

Trotil, hexogen, aluminum, Golovaks - TGAG-5;

Ammotole - A-40, A-50, A-60, A-80, A-90 (the figure shows the percentage of ammonium nitrate);

Ammotole with Trotil Tube - AT-40, AT-50, etc.;

Hexogen phlegmatized -A-IX-1;

Hexogen phlegmatized with aluminum powder - A-IX-2.

In chimneys, instead of cryphrag, the cipher of the smoke-forming substance is set 7.

Weight (ballistic) sign, applied on the projectile, shown the weight of the weight of this projectile from the table weight. If the equipment is a tabular weight or deviation from it to a larger or smaller side of no more than 1/3%, then put the letter H, which means the weight is normal. If the weight of the projectile deviates from the table more than 1/3%, then this is reflected by the signs of "plus" or "minus". Each sign gives weight fluctuation within 2/3% of the table.

Cartridge marking

Use in modern automatic weapons large number Different types of cartridges, as a rule, similar in appearance, led to the use of special labels that allow them to distinguish from each other. Therefore, one of the sources of information about the cartridges are marked designations in the form of distinctive painting, signs and inscriptions applied to both components of the cartridges and on the packing with cartridges.

Marking designations on cartridges of small arms may contain the following key data:
1. Service stamps at the bottom parts of the sleeve - the place of manufacture (country, enterprise or manufacturer); Type (name) and cartridge caliber; Making a cartridge or sleeve; sleeve material; Purpose of the cartridge; View or model (sample) of weapons for which the cartridge is intended.
2. Coloring elements of cartridges (bullets, capsules, bottom parts of the sleeve) - type of cartridge, its purpose, some features of the device.
3. Labels (shortcuts) are the same data that is contained in service stamps, as well as some information about the elements of the cartridges and their ballistic characteristics, applied on the packaging - on wooden boxes, metal boxes, moistureproof packages, cardboard boxes, paper bags.

Marking designations on the cartridges, as well as similar designations on other industrial products, originate from the brand of masters, has long been put on various goods (weapons, pottery and jewelry, etc.). Currently, they perform two functions: technical information and advertising, are a type of trademarks.

The stigma is the conditional signs in the form of letters, numbers, drawings, extruded on the surface of elements of cartridges. They are service and control. Service stamps contain data on the factory (manufacturer), production date, cartridges, some structural features, assignments, and may also contain other data characteristic of certain periods of their activities or always inherent manufacturers of a certain country. For this purpose, on the outer surface of the bottom of the sleeve from the diametrically opposite sides, the factory number is indicated - for domestic cartridges or the name of the company (its conditional index) - for the cartridges of foreign production, as well as the year of manufacture. Control stamps indicate the passage of technical control. They are usually put only on elements of powerful ammunition (artillery, etc.).

Depending on the types of cartridges and their purpose in the marking, one or another content may prevail. For example, on military cartridges it contains mainly technical information, and on hunting and sports - often advertising. The advertising character is attached to it at the expense of both the visual form (types of fonts, decorative elements, etc.) and content (catchy and memorable names, their own names, etc.), emphasizing the quality of products, their popularity.

Marking designations of cartridges in which the stamps, labels and conditional color of the elements are, are symbols of conditional signs containing certain information necessary primarily for the difference in types and purpose of cartridges.

Labels (labels) are marked notation, applied on packaging of cartridges (boxes, boxes). They are designed to receive information about cartridges without opening packages.

The color of the elements of the cartridges is intended to give an easily perceived distinctive feature of the type and purpose of cartridges. At the same time, it serves as a means of protection against corrosion.

In the domestic cartridges of small arms, the painting of the head part (vertex) bullets, as the most simple in technological terms, was adopted. For example, an armor-piano-incendiary bullet is painted in black and red colors; tracer - in green; Argene - incendiary and tracing - in purple and red; incendiary (tarring-incendiary) - in red; With a reduced initial speed - black and green, etc. Ordinary bullets usually do not have a distinctive color. A similar principle of different coloring of cartridges with various bullets is accepted in a number of armies of foreign countries. Sometimes there is a coloring of the cartridge cap and the bullet connection site with the dulley of the sleeve. In this case, the color is used not only as a distinguishing sign of cartridges with various bullets, but also as a way to ensure the tightness of the cartridges. This coloring method is less convenient not only in technological terms, but also causes certain inconveniences in the visual determination of the cartridge nomenclature.

Cartridge marking systems are different for different countries, time, manufacturers, types of cartridges.

Gils marking

Basic information contained in the stamps on the sleeves of small arms of the cartridges of some manufacturers.

Manufacturers:
soviet / Russian
Contents of information:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the manufacturer of the cartridge, time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve.

English, Canadian, Australian:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the firm of the cartridge or sleeve; Type (brand) of cartridge.

French:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of a metal supplier of the sleeve; Time (year and quarter) of the manufacture of the sleeve.

German:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the manufacturer of the manufacturer of the helme; time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve; Conditional designation of the material of the sleeve; The conditional number of the Gils Party.

Italian:
state enterprises: full or shortened name of the manufacturer; time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve; State controller initials; Private enterprises: full or shortened name of the manufacturer; Time (year) of the manufacture of the sleeve.

Japanese:
abbreviated name or conditional designation of the manufacturer; caliber; Abbreviated designation of the year of manufacture of the sleeve (by the Japanese calendar) and the manufacturer's quarter.

The plugs on the sleeves are inscriptions (alphabetic and digital texts) and drawings (symbols, ornaments, etc.), made usually intended, less often - convex relief. Their content is complete, abbreviated (abbreviations, reduction of individual words, etc.) or pronounced symbols of the names of manufacturers (company, enterprise), countries, geographical points or an administrative area where they are placed. As a rule, texts are performed in the language of the country where the manufacturer has, however, on the cartridges released for the external market or on foreign orders, the stamps can be performed in other languages.

For decoration, stamps can be both simple, deprived of jewelry and complicated due to various artistic elements (symbols, ornaments, etc.).

The stamp of the same manufacturer can vary completely or partially depending on the time of manufacture of cartridges, their types and appointments. Sometimes stamps may contain the designations of two manufacturers, one of which refers to the manufacturer of cartridges, and the other to the manufacturer of the sleeve or equipping enterprise. Often the sleeve contain only the brand of their manufacturers.

The brams of manufacturers on the sleeves are sometimes replaced by the designations and trademarks of customers of cartridges (usually trading firms). Finally, the sleeves may not be stamp at all.

Fragments of stamps containing data on the time of manufacture of cartridges or sleeves, name (type, brand, sample), caliber, weapons for which the cartridge is intended, have the following options and features.

Making time is indicated in different ways: the year is completely, two or three last figures of the year, year and quarter or month. The year can be denoted by a conditional sign, for example, the letter. In accordance with the national affiliation of the manufacturer or customer of cartridges, their manufacturer may be indicated by the annoying adopted in certain countries or a group of countries, as well as on the time from the time of an important historical event in the life of the country. In some cases, the stamps reflect commemorative dates in the activity of the manufacturer of the cartridges (firm anniversary, etc.).

Making time in the stamps on the sleeves is not always indicated. In these cases, it can be approximately judged by the name of the manufacturer or the version of its stamp, especially if they changed in certain periods of activity.

The name (type) of the cartridge is usually indicated in accordance with the one that he is assigned in the country where it was developed or first released. It can be designated and in accordance with the military name or number assigned to the adoption of a cartridge for service in a given country. Sometimes it is denoted by a location, indicating the number assigned to the cartridge in the company catalog.

The cartridge caliber is usually denoted in the system of measures (metric or English), which was used in the development of a cartridge or accepting it to be produced. As a rule, it is not being recalculated, no matter what system the manufacturer uses the measures. Exception is allowed only for some common cartridges.

Some of the outdated type cartridges, predominantly American, caliber can be denoted by an indicator in a number of numbers, which indicate such characteristics of the cartridge, as its caliber, in the fractions of an inches, a lot of smoky powder and bullets in graar. The specified system of designations is preserved and so on for those cartridges of old types, the release of which is still ongoing, although they have not been equipped with smoky powder. It protects the buyer / owner of the old weapons from mixing these cartridges with the cartridges of new types close to design (form, sizes), but otherwise in their ballistic characteristics.

The plugs on the sleeves sometimes contain both a number of other designations indicating the material of the sleeve, the design of the capsule, special appointment Cartridges, as well as other information (manufacturing in army order, patent issued by the manufacturer, etc.).

In domestic cartridges on the bottom of the bottom part, the sleeve is applied with stamping marking containing the conditional room of the manufacturer and the year of manufacture (the two last digits of the year). In the period 1949-1954, the year of manufacture was conventionally designated by the letter (from "A" to "E").

On the bottom units of individual nomenclatures of domestic sleeves, signs in the form of two diametrically located five-pointed spars can be additionally applied.

In 7.62 mm of rifle cartrons intended for firing from the aviation machine gun Case, on the end of the bottom part of the sleeve was applied additionally the letter "sh", and the capsule-igniter cap was covered with a red varnish.

Marking Pulia

Marking on the head of the bullets is applied as a distinguishing color.

The type of cartridge: a cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet B-32.

The color of the distinctive color on the head part of the bullet: black and red.

Cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet bz: black and red.

Cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet BS: black and red - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.

Cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet BS-41: black and red - to the place of crimping the dool sleeve.

Cartridges with armor-pierced-in-block-tracing bullets BZT-44 and BZT: purple and red.

Cartridge with an armor-core-in-block-tracing bullet BST: purple and red - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.

Cartridges with an incendiary bullet z and a shooting and incendiary bullet PZ: red.

A cartridge with an incendiary bullet instant action MDZ: red - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.

Cartridge with tracer bullets T-45 and T-46: Green.

Cartridge with reduced oral bullets: black and green.

Rifle cartridge with bullet with steel core LPS: silver (since 1978, the color is not applied).

Rifle cartridge with light bullet l: without distinctive color.

Rifle cartridge with heavy bullet d: yellow.

Cartridge high pressure WED: Yellow - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve (bullets of 7.62-mm sample cartridges of 1943 and a rifle, distinguished by a special form, do not have distinctive painting).

Cartridge with a reinforced charge UZ: black - to the place of crimping the dimensions of the sleeve.

Operating cartridge: white.

In addition to the distinctive color, on domestic cartridges, with the exception of the liner with a bullet and the capsule-igniter's joints, the sliced \u200b\u200bis applied as a rim (rings) of the red thin layer of varnish - a sealing agent, which is a resin solution in an organic solvent, tinted with red dyes .

To seal idle large-caliber machine-gun cartridges of a caliber of 12.7-mm and 14.5 mm around the joints of the sleeve of the sleeve with a cap and capsule-igniter, a sealant was used, tinted with a green dye.

The sealing agent is not applied on 7.62-mm pistol TT and revolving "Nagan" cartridges and at 7.62 mm rifle charged cartridges, as well as ammunition cartridges and high pressure, except for cartridges of a 12.7-mm caliber and 14, 5 mm.

The sealing of the cartridge is made to prevent penetration into the charging chamber of the rifle lubricant (oil) and moisture.

Packing marking with cartridges

Marking of packing of cartridges consists of color distinctive stripes, signs and inscriptions of black.

Marking on packings with cartridges is applied: on a wooden box - on the lid and on one side wall; on a metal box - on the lid; on a moistureproof package - on the longitudinal sides of the package; On a cardboard box or paper package - on one side of the box or package.

The marking on the packaging is applied in staining on a stencil, stamping, typographical way or a special marking machine.

Marking of the box contains: on the lid - mass (gross, kg); A transport sign indicating the discharge of cargo (digit "2" in the equilateral triangle, the vertex of which is directed towards the fastening of the loops). Since 1990, instead of the category of cargo (numbers 2 ") in an equilateral triangle, the conditional number of hazardous goods and a sign of danger or classification cipher characterizing the transport hazard of GOST 19433-88 began to apply. Danger sign is performed by a typographical way on a paper label that is glued to the drawer cover.

On the boxes with training cartridges, the discharge sign or the conditional number of dangerous goods and the marking of cargo's transport hazard is not applied.

On the side wall of the drawer with cartridges to small arms, the following conditional designations of the cartridges are applied: the inscriptions "arr. 43, "sniper", "rifle", "pistol"; Party number; Year of manufacture (two last digits); conditional room of the manufacturer; Marking of a party of powder; number of cartridges; the number of obturators (for 7.62-mm rounds of arr.1943 year with a bullet with a reduced operational speed); Distinctive strip, sign or inscription, characterizing the type of bullets and (or) cartridges.

On the side wall of the drawer containing moistureproof packages with cartridges, is additionally applied in two lines. "Moistureproof packages".

The conditional designation of the cartridges consists of a caliber designation - in the form of a numerical value in millimeters (without specifying dimension); conditional designation of the type of bullet or the type of cartridge; The conditional signage of the sleeve (according to the material from which it is made).

For idle, instead of the conditional designation of the type of bullet, the cartridge and the sleeve are applied "idle".

The party number of the cartridges consists of a letter denoting the cipher group of the cartridges; A two-digit number indicating the sequence number of the batch in the group.

For exemplary cartridges, the letter designation of the batch group cipher is replaced with the designation "OB".

The marking of the gun's party consists of the designation of the brand of gunpowder, the number of the party and the year of manufacture, indicated by the fraction, and the conditional designation of the powder factory.

In the marking of pyroxiline powders, the following indications of brands of gunpowders were adopted:
- VUFL - rifle reduced grain single-channel phlegmatized and graphite to 7.62? Mm Cartridges arr. 1943;
- Vuftvd - the same, to high pressure cartridges;
- WT - rifle grain single-channel phlegmatized and graphite to 7.62 mm rifle cartridges;
- VTZH - a rifle grain single-channel graphitendrid to idle cartridges;
- P-45 / P-125 - a porous grain single-channel, in the manufacture of which 45 or 125 percent of the nitrate was introduced to create porosity;
- X (PL 10-12) - single lamellar; 10 - plate thickness in hundredths of mm; 12 - plate length in tenths mm;
- 4/7, 4/7 tsp, 5/7 N / A - seminal seminal; In a numerator - an exemplary thickness of the burning arch in tenths mm, in the denominator - the number of channels in the grain (seven); C - with ceresina content; gr - graphistic; N / A - made of low-substituted pyroxiline;
- 4 / 1FL, 4 / 1G - grain single-channel; In a numerator - an exemplary thickness of a burning vault in tenths mm, in the denominator - the number of channels in the grain (one); FL - phlegmatized, gr - graphite.

In the labeling of gunpowder, the brand of powder consists of a combination of alphabetic and digital designations. In the letter notation of lacquer powder:
- SSNF - the first letter denotes the prescription of the powder (C for cartridges of small arms), the second letter - the form of powder elements (C - spheroid), the third and fourth letters - the presence of nitroglycerin (H) and phlegmatizer (F), respectively;
- PSN - the first letter denotes the powder density (P - porous), the second letter is the form of powder elements (C - spheroid) and the third letter (H) - the presence of nitroglycerin in powder.

The digital designation of the puffs of the SSNF and PSN consists of a fraction, in the numerator of which indicates the thickness of the burning arch (for the PSNF porch) or bulk density (for PSN powder), and in the denominator - specific heat burning.

Marking on the cover of a metal box contains the same data that they are applied to the side wall of the cartridge box. In this case, the number of cartridges and obturators indicated in the marking corresponds to the number of them in the metal box.

Marking on a moisture-proof package contains: Conditional designation of cartridges; The inscription "arr. 43 "(for 7.62 mm arr. 1943); the number of cartridges in the package; A distinctive strip that characterizes the type of bullets.

On cardboard boxes and paper packets, the marking is applied as a distinctive strip or inscription. The distinctive strip is applied to cardboard boxes and paper bags containing cartridges with a tracing bullet and with a reduced velocity of the Us Bullets.

The inscription sniper is applied to the paper bag with 7,62 mm rifle sniper cartridges.

Prepared Yuri Malekin
Photo from the archive of Vladimir Osipenko
Brother 06-2008.

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