Klin estate. Demyanovo: estate and church

20.12.2023

In the city of Klin, the Demyanovo estate has been preserved. This is one of the oldest and most beautiful places in the Klin region.

Architectural ensemble of the Demyanovo estate formed in the late seventies of the 18th century. The estate complex was built in the style of early classicism with baroque elements (although the estate has come down to us with extensive reconstruction). At this time, a house and utility rooms were built, a garden was laid out, and an earlier wooden church became part of the estate. The Main House is located on the main compositional axis, oriented from northeast to southwest. To the east of it there are stone buildings (from the same period) of a spacious utility courtyard. In front of the house, on the northern and southern sides, a huge park was laid out and cascading ponds were built.

Manor house. Brick, two-story, with a basement, it burned down and was repaired several times, which is why it lost most of its decor, but retained the general features of classicism: the facades were treated with pilaster reinforcements in the middle and outer parts of the walls, a wooden pediment above the portico with pilasters in the center.

Outbuildings. are three long buildings. Originally one-story, two of them in the 19th century. were built on and converted into residential; the third building was built for a weaving factory. Due to alterations and plastering, only some modest details of the classicism style survived in their decoration: blades organizing the space of the walls, windows with beamed lintels, brick cornices. An interesting feature of the building of the weaving factory is that along its outer wall there is a buttress in the form of an arcade.

The outbuildings are adjacent to two residential outbuildings, built at the end of the 19th century. V.I. Taneev spent the last years of his life in a two-story brick outbuilding, and the one-story wooden house served as a summer residence for A.D. Bugaeva, the mother of Andrei Bely.

Manor Park, The estate park, in the traditions of the 18th century, was divided into two parts - a regular park with a large flower parterre and a grid of linden alleys in front of the house and a landscape park of mixed species with a cascade of ponds. The main spruce alley led from the house to the Tsar's Pond. Here, on an artificial hill, stood a granite column with a statue of Minerva by the sculptor Zh.D. Rashetta. It was erected in memory of Catherine II’s visit to the estate in 1785 with her eldest grandson, the future Emperor Alexander I, and has not survived to this day. The regular park was bordered by a birch grove with a dug pond and a garden pavilion, which later served as a summer house for the scientist K.A. Timiryazev.

Assumption Church. The church, located in the southern part of the property, became part of the established architectural ensemble as one of its most significant parts. It was built in 1746. on the site of a burnt wooden one at the expense of the owner of the estate, Major General Grigory Yakovlevich Naumov. At the same time, traditional techniques for religious architecture of the first half of the 18th century were used. - longitudinal-axial three-part composition (temple - refectory - bell tower) and tiered main volume. The bell tower was placed separately, not far from the church and on the same axis.

A tall double-height quadrangle in the Baroque style is topped with an octagonal light drum with a closed vault and a dome on a thin “neck”. The corners of the quadrangle are rusticated, the windows are framed with platbands with “ears”. The temple has one apse, but it is very large and spacious. In the second half of the 1770s. a separate bell tower with a chapel in the lower part was built to the west of the temple. The wide three-tiered structure looks massive on its own, and even more so next to the elegant baroque quadrangle of the main volume. On all four sides, the tiers of the bell tower are decorated with double pilasters, the lower part is rusticated. The bell tower is crowned with a tall spire. About 30 years later, in the 1800s. The temple is being reconstructed, and the main quadrangle with the bell tower is connected by a new two-aisle refectory with sail vaults and decor that repeats the decoration of the main volume. A vestibule, separated by two round pillars, adjoins the west. An extensive refectory connects the church with a three-tier bell tower with a spire.

There are three altars in the Assumption Church: the main one is in the name of the Dormition of the Mother of God, in the aisles - on the right side - in the name of St. Demetrius of Rostov, on the left - in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker.

In the cemetery near the church there are the graves of the last owner of the estate, V.I. Taneev (1840-1921), members of the Taneyev, Zagoskin, and Tchaikovsky families. The composer himself expressed a desire to be buried here, but his grave is located in St. Petersburg, which he did not love.

During Soviet times, the temple was not closed for a long time - until the spring of 1941. 55 years later, in 1996, it was returned to believers, and has now been completely restored.

Owners of the estate. In one of the surviving archival documents from 1709 it is written: “ The patrimony of steward Andrei Mikhailov, son of Kolychev, is the village of Demyanovo on the river on the Sestra. In that village there is a wooden church in the name of the Most Holy Theotokos of the Dormition on Votchennik land. At that church there is a priest... ...In the same village there is a courtyard of patrimonial landowners and in it there are courtyard people... 14 people».

After A. M. Kolychev, the estate was owned by Major General Grigory Yakovlevich Naumov, who at his own expense in 1746 built a new stone church on the site of a wooden one that burned down during a fire in 1742. The creation of the existing estate ensemble dates back to the 1770s. and is connected with the activities of I.G. Naumov, the son of a major general. I. G. Naumov - chamber cadet of “Her Imperial Majesty”, was elected district leader of the nobility, was married to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Golitsyna. Their daughter, Maria Ivanovna, married Alexander Yakovlevich Rimsky-Korsakov and after her father’s death inherited Demyanovo.

In 1807, Agafoklia Aleksandrovna Poltaratskaya bought Demyanovo for her daughter, who married the Court Advisor Dmitry Borisovich Mertvago. The Demyanovo estate was very rich in timber. The forest stretched from Klin and reached the village. Klenkovo. In Demyanovo there was also a factory for calico, muslin and canvas. Demyanovo was in the Mertvago family until 1883, when the estate, which had fallen into disrepair, was acquired by Vladimir Ivanovich Taneyev, a famous lawyer, sociologist, and philosopher. In 1900, he left the bar and finally settled in Demyanov, where he moved his unique library, which amounted to about 20 thousand volumes.

Guests of the estate. The names of many outstanding representatives of Russian culture are associated with Demyanov. In the summer of 1811, on the way to St. Petersburg, Vasily Lvovich Pushkin and his nephew Alexander Pushkin, whom he accompanied to enter the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum, stayed at the estate of D. B. Mertvago. In 1813, on his way to St. Petersburg, the great Russian poet Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin visited the estate. A friend of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, also visited the estate. In the 1830s, the famous Russian writer M. N. Zagoskin came to Demyanovo several times. . The Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna also visited the estate.

At V.I. Taneyev was often visited by his brother - composer Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev - P.I.’s favorite student. Tchaikovsky. The following people came to their estate several times: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who lived several miles away in the village of Frolovskoye; composer A. N. Scriabin; artist A. M. Vasnetsov, who created many sketches and landscapes in Demyanov and its picturesque surroundings. At Taneyev's dachas, in estate buildings adapted for this purpose, professors from Moscow and St. Petersburg universities lived for long periods, sometimes decades, as well as the Gnessin family. The poet of the "Silver Age" Andrei Bely (B.N. Bugaev) calls Demyanovo his native place. From 1900 to 1917, the famous laboratory of Academician Timiryazev was located here.

Vasnetsov at the estate. A significant mark on Vasnetsov’s work was left by his annual stay in the village of Demyanov during the summer months for fifteen years (from 1903 to 1917).

Demyanov, located in the spurs of the Klin-Dmitrovskaya Upland, was adjacent to birch and coniferous forests; nearby there was a forest - Menagerie - with centuries-old spruce trees. Wide horizons with fields and distances opened up for many miles. At the estate there was a huge park with hundred-year-old linden trees, green lawns and deep ponds, next door there was a church and a shady cemetery with large elm trees.

V.A. Vasnetsov liked the various picturesque views of the surroundings of Demyanov, and he also liked the society that gathered there. He was especially close to V.I. Taneyev and K.A. Timiryazev.

Current problems of the estate. During Soviet times, a tuberculosis clinic was established in the estate. In 1995. It, greatly damaged by time and use, was finally transferred to the jurisdiction of the Klin Tchaikovsky Museum, where its branch was located.

Currently well preserved brick manor house, church and park with a garden pavilion. In memory of the composer S.I. Taneev, on the day of his 25th death anniversary in 1946, a memorial plaque was installed on the house. Now the park is very overgrown, the Tsarsky Pond has been drained, and many trees have been cut down.

It’s a pity that many of the estate’s buildings are in a deplorable state, since complex and expensive repairs are being carried out little by little by the Tchaikovsky Museum on its own, and this is clearly not enough. The parish school, A. Vasnetsov's dacha, stables, and grottoes were turned into ruins. The main manor house is deteriorating, the outbuildings have been razed to the ground, and V.I.’s winter house-dacha is in disrepair. Taneyev and A. Bely's dacha.

For a long time, there was a dispute between the museum and the Klin municipality over the territory, which ended in the fall of 2010. victory for the city authorities. Before the revolution of 1917, the Demyanovo estate had more than 1000 hectares of land; 76 hectares have survived to this day. After the municipal authorities carried out in 2007. work to clarify the boundaries of the security zone, the museum only had 14 hectares left. This included the estate church and cemetery, parochial school, tuberculosis clinic and the estate itself with the ruined remains of buildings. This is less than two percent of the original cultural, historical and landscape site - a real pearl of the Moscow region. The municipality is going to create a park and a transport highway on the reclaimed territory. The city is approaching from all sides, multi-storey buildings are blocking the main panoramic views. Local authorities, however, carried out landscaping of the estate’s ponds. But, as local historians say, this was done without projects, historical justifications, compliance with marks, hydrogeology of the historical relief and landscape. As a result, historical authenticity is lost. Maybe it would be better not to touch it...

However, two other estates associated with the name of Tchaikovsky, Frolovskoye and Maidanovo, are in even more deplorable condition.

Directions by public transport: from Moscow from Leningradsky station to the station. Klin - 89 km; from Moscow by bus to Klin - 86 km, Leningradskoe highway.

Driving by car: from Moscow along the Leningradskoye Highway to Klin 86 km, almost immediately at the entrance to Klin, after about 300 m, almost before reaching the traffic light - turn left, onto Taneev Street. Drive along it to the end, then turn right around the estate. The church is located behind the manor complex.

Additionally

Date of publication or update 06/19/2017

Demyanovo: estate and church (1624-2011).

Using materials from the book “Demyanovo: estate and church (1624-2011)”, Archpriest Oleg Denisyuk, M.D. Molotnikov, charitable non-profit foundation "Architriklin", Klin, 2012.

Demyanovo in 1624 – 1917

Demyanovo estate in the second half of the 19th century. Vladimir Ivanovich Taneyev

Demyanovo in 1917-1996

Demyanovo in 1996 – 2011

Parish life

Club of the Holy Blessed Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky in Demyanovo

The first all-Russian festival-competition of sacred music named after S.I. Taneyeva

Applications

Priests and clergymen of the Assumption Church in the village of Demyanovo

Introduction. From the publishers

Initially, we planned to talk only about the history of the Assumption Church in the village of Demyanovo and the current life of the parish, but we decided that it was necessary to at least briefly describe the history of the estate, to which in the 18th and 19th centuries contemporaries attached the epithet “magnificent,” and also to mention its owners and guests, after all, the names of many of them are written in golden letters in the history of Russia. Hundreds, if not thousands of books have been written about these statesmen, scientists, poets, musicians, and artists. Unfortunately, we did not have the opportunity to work with these literary sources; we had to use only short articles.

When talking about the owners of the estate, we focused attention, where possible, on the religious side of their lives. Here is the very rich and wayward Agafoklia Alexandrovna Poltoratskaya, who donates huge sums for the construction of churches and monasteries, corresponds with St. Philaret, Metropolitan of Moscow, and before her death asks everyone, including her servants, for forgiveness. Here is Maria Ivanovna Naumova, who, as her contemporaries write, has always and everywhere been the soul of secular society and, at the same time, “pious.”

How can we not mention the gift of Empress Catherine II to the Assumption Church - two icons in silver robes? A person indifferent to faith is unlikely to act like this!

Little is known about the church and parish life from the beginning of the 17th century until the restoration of the church at the end of the 20th century: only dry lines of archival documents have reached us about the architecture of the church, the clergy, and the repairs and reconstruction of the church building. We have tried to present this information without abbreviations. The history of parish life over the past 15 years occupies a special place in the book and concludes it.

Four centuries of the history of the Demyanovo estate will pass before the reader’s eyes. Some eras and personalities are reflected volumetrically and vividly, others - only in strokes.

At the end of the 16th century, the village was owned by the Blagovo family. During the Time of Troubles, when Polish-Lithuanian gangs swept through the Klin land like a deadly whirlwind, the village was devastated, there were practically no inhabitants left here. The 18th and 19th centuries were the heyday of the estate: parks, chains of ponds, and greenhouses were built. The estate was so magnificent that the empress considered it a shame to stay there. Taneyev's time was famous for its dachas and great guests. Soviet times were a time of destruction of both the estate and the temple. At the end of 1996, the destroyed temple was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church. Its restoration began, the establishment of parish life in all its diversity.

It is probably significant that at the end of the 20th century, in the conditions of “wild” Russian capitalism, it was not the estate that was being revived (at least as a museum), but the temple and church life. For only souls that seek God and strive for Him have true value in the eyes of God, and not titles and ranks, and not even great works of secular art and achievements of science.

We hope that after reading this book, you, our readers, walking through Demyanovsky Park or approaching the temple, will see these places with different eyes, and your thoughts will instantly bring together dozens of glorious Russian names, and through the current ruin of the estate you will see its past beauty, just like looking at a girlish photograph of an elderly woman, we recognize on this old face echoes and features of that young and beautiful face.

In this book we touched upon Russian history, reflected in a tiny mirror called Demyanovo. History - our teacher - must always be remembered, and especially at turning points, which, I think, includes the present period.

The idea of creating this book belongs to the rector of the Assumption Church. Demyanovo to Archpriest Oleg Denisyuk.

He involved many people in the work and brought together the materials about the church and the estate that had accumulated over the 15 years of the parish’s existence. Mikhail Molotnikov was responsible for the compilation and editing work. Hegumen Tikhon (Polyansky) made valuable comments.

Most of the archival documents and photographs were provided by the House-Museum of P.I. Tchaikovsky. His collaborators Polina Efimovna Vaidman and Galina Stepanovna Sizko put a lot of effort into making the book finished.

When compiling the text of the book, materials from Nadezhda Glukhoikina, Pyotr Lipatov, Dmitry Rubtsov, Valentin Yudin and others were used. The translation of archival documents into electronic form was carried out by Irina Vasiltsova.

Most of the photographs of modern life in the parish were taken by the famous Moscow photographer Pavel Paramonov and parishioners of the Assumption Church, including Vasily Kuzmin and Yuri Sapogov.

The decoration, layout and layout of this publication were made by Sergei Yakubovsky, a parishioner of the Assumption Church.

This book would not have been published without the help of believing benefactors, for which I bow to them.

The publishers are aware that this book about Demyanov, the first of its kind, is far from perfect and, perhaps, too “dry.” God willing, years later it will be rewritten in a living and vibrant language, and by that time the beauty that delighted the inhabitants of the estate in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries will have been restored, and parish life will be even more diverse and salutary for hundreds of new parishioners

We will be grateful to everyone who will provide us with their comments and suggestions regarding this publication, and will also be able to provide documents and photographs on the Demyanovskaya Church that are not included in the book. For these questions, please contact the rector of the church, Archpriest Oleg Denisyuk.

We hope that reading this book will be useful for you from an educational point of view, and maybe it will make you think about the main thing - the purpose and meaning of your life.

March 22nd, 2017 , 06:09 pm

Recently, the volunteers of the Second Wind charity foundation and I went to the Klin boarding home for the elderly and disabled, where we distributed clothes to the wards and staff. The story about this is. On the way we came across the Demyanovo estate, next to which we stopped for sandwiches. While someone was having breakfast in the fresh air, squinting from the warm spring rays of the sun, I unsheathed my camera and went to explore the ruins.

During a short stop for a snack, I only managed to explore the main house, which, as indicated on the poster, previously looked like this.
4.

Now its appearance is not much different from many other abandoned buildings that have collapsed under the influence of time and the human factor.
5.

6. Let's look inside?

The Demyanovo estate has been known since 1624. In one of the surviving archival documents from 1709 it is written: “The estate of the steward Andrei Mikhailov, son of Kolychev, is the village of Demyanovo on the river on the Sestra. In that village there is a wooden church in the name of the Most Holy Theotokos of the Dormition on Votchennik land. At that church there is a priest... ...In the same village there is a courtyard of patrimonial landowners and in it there are courtyard people... 14 people.”

After A. M. Kolychev, the estate was owned by Major General Grigory Yakovlevich Naumov, who at his own expense in 1746 built a new stone church on the site of a wooden one that burned down during a fire in 1742. The creation of the existing estate ensemble dates back to the 1770s and is associated with the activities of I.G. Naumov, the son of a major general. I. G. Naumov - chamber cadet of “Her Imperial Majesty”, was elected district leader of the nobility, was married to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Golitsyna. Their daughter, Maria Ivanovna, married Alexander Yakovlevich Rimsky-Korsakov and after her father’s death inherited Demyanovo.

In 1807, Agafoklia Alexandrovna Poltoratskaya bought Demyanovo for her daughter, who married the Court Advisor Dmitry Borisovich Mertvago. The Demyanovo estate was very rich in timber. The forest stretched from Klin and reached the village. Klenkovo. In Demyanovo there was also a factory for calico, muslin and canvas. Demyanovo was in the Mertvago family until 1883, when the estate, which had fallen into disrepair, was acquired by Vladimir Ivanovich Taneyev. He gained popularity due to his participation in high-profile political processes of the late 1860s and early 1870s, where he was a defender of the Polish rebels, S. G. Nechaev and the populists.

Taneyev is known for his extreme leftist views. He was a follower of Spencer and Fourier, corresponded with Karl Marx, who in a letter to M. M. Kovalevsky called him “a devoted friend of the liberation of the people.”
In 1871, V.I. Taneyev moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Every week I gathered Moscow professors for so-called “academic dinners” at the Hermitage restaurant. In 1900, he left the bar and finally settled in Demyanov, where he moved his unique library, which amounted to about 20 thousand volumes.

The names of many outstanding representatives of Russian culture are associated with Demyanov. In the summer of 1811, on the way to St. Petersburg, Vasily Lvovich Pushkin and his nephew Alexander Pushkin, whom he accompanied to enter the Tsarskoe Selo Lyceum, stayed at the estate of D. B. Mertvago. In 1813, on his way to St. Petersburg, the great Russian poet Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin visited the estate. A friend of A. S. Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky, also visited the estate. In the 1830s, the famous Russian writer M. N. Zagoskin came to Demyanovo several times.

10.

At V.I. Taneyev was often visited by his brother - composer Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev - P.I.’s favorite student. Tchaikovsky. The following people came to their estate several times: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who lived several miles away in the village of Frolovskoye; composer A. N. Scriabin; artist A. M. Vasnetsov, who created many sketches and landscapes in Demyanov and its picturesque surroundings. At Taneyev’s dachas, in estate buildings adapted for this purpose, the following people lived for long periods, sometimes decades: the natural scientist K. A. Timiryazev, who had his own laboratory there; Gnessin family, professor at Moscow and St. Petersburg universities. The poet of the “Silver Age” Andrei Bely (B.N. Bugaev) calls Demyanovo his native place.

11.

The Demyanovo estate complex was formed in the late seventies of the 18th century. On its main compositional axis, oriented from northeast to southwest, is the Main House - a brick, two-story building, built in the 1770s in the style of early classicism. To the east of it there are stone buildings (from the same period) of a spacious utility courtyard. In front of the house, on the northern and southern sides, a huge park was laid out and cascading ponds were built. The estate park was divided into two parts - a regular park with a large flower parterre and a grid of linden alleys in front of the house and a landscape park of mixed species with a cascade of ponds and the main fir alley directed from the house to the Tsar's Pond. Here, on an artificial hill, stood a granite column with a statue of Minerva by the sculptor Zh.D. Rashetta. It was erected in memory of Catherine II’s visit to the estate in 1785 with her eldest grandson, the future Emperor Alexander I, and has not survived to this day. The regular park was once adjacent to a birch grove with a small dug pond and an 18th-century garden pavilion, which later became Timiryazev’s dacha.

12.

The Assumption Church, located in the southern part of the property, became part of the established architectural ensemble as one of its most significant parts. (I didn’t have time to examine the church, so there will only be a little historical information here). During the construction of a new stone Assumption Church in 1746 on the site of a burnt wooden one, traditional techniques for religious architecture of the first half of the 18th century were used. - longitudinal-axial three-part composition (temple - refectory - bell tower) and tiered main volume. The bell tower was placed separately, not far from the church and on the same axis. Unlike the church building, there is no exact documentary information about the time of construction of the bell tower. But its composition and decorative design of the facades suggest that it could have been built in the same years as the church or a little later.

In the graveyard near the temple there are memorial burials of the Tchaikovsky family (the composer’s brothers Modest and Ippolit, nephews), the Taneyev family, the brother of the writer M.N. Zagoskina, defender of Port Arthur, merchants and clergy of the city of Klin. Since 1996, the restoration of the temple began. On October 23, 2010, His Eminence Gregory, Archbishop of Mozhaisk, vicar of the Moscow diocese, in concelebration with the deans of the Klin, Dmitrov, Khimki and Solnechnogorsk districts and the Klin clergy, performed the long-awaited great episcopal consecration of all three chapels of the Assumption Church in Demyanov.
13.

Since 1991, the Demyanovo Estate has been a branch of the State House - Museum of P.I. Tchaikovsky. In 2015, the estate was put up for auction and is looking for its patrons. But looking at the photo of the main house, we can say that so far there have been no noticeable improvements in the condition of the estate.
14.

To be honest, I see some beauty in such ruins. The way the roots of trees turn the once strong brickwork into sand with their tenacious fingers best illustrates the perishability and insignificance of man-made things before the Highest Power. Once upon a time, voices rang here, they discussed pressing problems, made plans for the future, rejoiced, got angry, loved, hated, and were subject to all possible passions. And now all this fuss has disappeared, like a fleeting haze at dawn, and what is left of all these empty, but seemingly so important, worries? The sun's rays playing in the ruins, velvety moss, birds calling somewhere high and a snowy churchyard.
15.

“Do not lay up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break through and steal, but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys, and where thieves do not break through and steal” (Matt. 6:19 -20).
16.

A few more photos, some of which I managed to get, at the risk of falling into human waste or getting hit in the forehead with a stone.
17.

During a short stop for a snack, I only managed to explore the main house, which, as indicated on the poster, previously looked like this.
4.

Now its appearance is not much different from many other abandoned buildings that have collapsed under the influence of time and the human factor.
5.

6. Let's look inside?

After A. M. Kolychev, the estate was owned by Major General Grigory Yakovlevich Naumov, who at his own expense in 1746 built a new stone church on the site of a wooden one that burned down during a fire in 1742. The creation of the existing estate ensemble dates back to the 1770s and is associated with the activities of I.G. Naumov, the son of a major general. I. G. Naumov - chamber cadet of “Her Imperial Majesty”, was elected district leader of the nobility, was married to Princess Varvara Alekseevna Golitsyna. Their daughter, Maria Ivanovna, married Alexander Yakovlevich Rimsky-Korsakov and after her father’s death inherited Demyanovo.

10.

At V.I. Taneyev was often visited by his brother - composer Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev - P.I.’s favorite student. Tchaikovsky. The following people came to their estate several times: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, who lived several miles away in the village of Frolovskoye; composer A. N. Scriabin; artist A. M. Vasnetsov, who created many sketches and landscapes in Demyanov and its picturesque surroundings. At Taneyev’s dachas, in estate buildings adapted for this purpose, the following people lived for long periods, sometimes decades: the natural scientist K. A. Timiryazev, who had his own laboratory there; Gnessin family, professor at Moscow and St. Petersburg universities. The poet of the “Silver Age” Andrei Bely (B.N. Bugaev) calls Demyanovo his native place.

11.

12.

A few more photos, some of which I managed to get, at the risk of falling into human waste or getting hit in the forehead with a stone.
17.

After the October Revolution, Demyanovo suffered the fate of most “noble nests”. Based on the Decree on Land, adopted at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on October 26, 1917, landowners' estates with all manor buildings and accessories were declared public property and subject to confiscation.

Thus, initially the former noble nests were transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. But the process of confiscation of landowners' estates was accompanied by frequent random pogroms and devastation. The peasants arbitrarily seized and divided not only the landowner's land and equipment, but also property from the palaces, among which were antique furniture, portraits, and objects of applied art.

In order to preserve cultural values, special institutions were created in the first months after the revolution. Such an institution was the Commission with several subdepartments, including museums and everyday life, formed in November 1917 under the Moscow Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. Its activities extended not only to Moscow, but also to the Moscow region.

The actual fate of the estates was in the hands of local authorities. Therefore, it was not yet possible to provide centralized security. At a meeting of the museum and household subcommittee on February 18, 1918, an appeal was prepared “To all land committees and local councils,” which stated:

"1. All divisions of household property in estates are strictly prohibited.

2. Responsibility for the safety of property rests with local land committees.
3. Any unauthorized theft will be punished in the most severe manner.
4. All objects of special artistic, scientific and historical significance are subject, at the request of the Moscow Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, to be transferred to museums and galleries as the property of the Russian Republic...
On May 28, 1918, under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, the Department for Museums and the Protection of Monuments of Art and Antiquities was formed, headed by N.I. Trotsky. Soon the Museum Department united all the previously existing separate institutions and thus became the central and unified body directing and managing the entire museum system in the country.

Emissaries of the Museum Department travel to the Moscow region and other provinces to inspect estates and ensure the protection of the most valuable of them. During the inspection, which took place in stages, the condition of architectural monuments was determined and their photographs were taken. In cases where existing conditions did not guarantee the complete safety of the artistic and historical values located in the estates, the latter were exported to the capital to the National Museum Fund. In 4 months, it was possible to conduct a systematic study of more than 50 former landowner estates.

The Soviet legislation in the field of protection of cultural and historical heritage that had developed by the fall of 1918, and in particular the decree on the registration of monuments, allowed the department to begin work on transforming all the outstanding private art and other types of collections that existed in the country and had long been actually completed museums. state

Total for 1917-1920 1.5 thousand works of civil and cultural architecture and over 500 landowner estates were registered. During this time, legal norms for the state protection of historical and cultural heritage, forms and methods of their implementation in practice, were developed and tested in unusually difficult circumstances.

In the summer of 1917, the last owner V.I. Taneyev turned 77 years old. He was very sick and did not get out of bed for several days. This summer, like the previous 13 years, the Timiryazevs and Vasnetsovs lived at their dacha in Demyanov. In the summer of 1917, P. Bely came to the estate for the last time. He recalls: “... the old men were constantly wandering around in the park together; Kliment Arkadyevich limped (consequences of paralysis); and fiery sympathy for Lenin’s cause was already bursting out of his chest; Taneyev was silent as the grave at Lenin’s address... Gradually the dacha season ended, everyone left. V.A. Vasnetsov writes in his memoirs: “... On the evening before departure, my father and I went to our favorite bench on a high hill and sat there silently until late twilight. The father was immersed in deep and, apparently, sad thoughts... the father's premonitions were justified. He never saw Demyanov again, did not sit on his bench of thought, did not admire the sunsets and did not write sketches. That evening turned out to be truly his farewell. It was in the autumn of 1917...”

After the revolution, a district council was organized in the Klin district, with a land department attached to it, and in the volosts - volost councils. Demyanovo belonged to the Davydkovo volost. The Davydkovo volost council consisted of 20 people. Half of them were local peasants from neighboring villages who knew V.I. well. Taneyeva. He invited representatives of the volost council and announced that he was transferring his entire estate to the council, with the exception of the library. For the work of the volost council, he recommended occupying the office of the Klin forestry in the estate, a heated and comfortable room. In turn, representatives of the Volost Council handed over to V.I. Taneyev received full ownership of the house-dacha in which he lived, and was promised to guard the library.

Based on surviving archival materials, one can trace the history of the estate in the post-revolutionary years. There were many applicants for the estate.

In 1919, the estate of V.I. Taneyev was transferred to the department of public education. There it was supposed to form "... two schools - first and second level with an agricultural department...". On July 31, 1919, a meeting of the Board of the Land Department of the Moscow Provincial Council took place. The factory organization of the United State Electrical Engineering Enterprises filed a petition for the transfer of the estates of the Klin district, including Demyanov. On October 21, 1919, at an administrative meeting of the Provincial Land Department, it was decided to form a commission consisting of representatives of the Gubernia Land Department, the United State Electrical Engineering Enterprises (OGEP) and the Klin Uyezd Land Department (UZO). The representative of the Klinsky UZO - instructor-land surveyor N. Saint-Gelain was instructed to “... open classes for the said commission in the near future...”. On November 10, 1919, a note was received from N. Saint-Gelin, which stated that “... the transfer of the estate to the OGEP is not only undesirable, but also directly unacceptable from the point of view of expediency, since organizational work on the formation of schools has already begun on the estate ..."

In 1918-1919 A. Vasnetsov’s son, V. Vasnetsov, came to Demyanovo. He writes bitterly: “... along the alleys of the park they drove carts, drove cattle, and the main road turned into a carriageway with deep ruts and inevitable puddles. The elegant Catherine Column was blown up and lay on the ground...”

In May 1920, workers of the Moscow Repair Artillery Plant (MRAZ) turned to the Mogubze department with a request to place the estate at the disposal of the plant "... with the confiscation of the occupied part from the gardeners and the former landowner...". The fact is that in 1918, the Collective of Klin Gardeners was formed in Klin, seven members of which had plots of land on the territory of Demyanov. Instructor-land surveyor N. Saint-Gelain responded to the MRAZ's response to the Moscow State Department of Land Development regarding the provision of the Demyanovo estate to workers and said that "... at present, 20 acres have already been transferred for processing to the Klin House of Deprivation of Liberty, 20 acres - to the 7th reserve battalion, stationed in the city. Klin and about 20 acres were transferred for plowing to the peasants of the adjacent village. The gardeners are allotted an area of only about 4 acres on the estate; the former landowner was given 600 square meters. fathoms. Based on the above, I consider the transfer of the estate of the former Taneyev for processing by MRAZ to be completely impossible...

Meanwhile, the estate was gradually collapsing.”... The once beautiful park was greatly depleted, many trees were cut down, others fell by themselves. Some alleys were overgrown, others were worn out. There were cattle grazing in the park. The green lawn in front of the large house was plowed. The ponds became shallow and overgrown, and the water completely disappeared from the Tsarskoye Pond. It was sad to see such a wonderful and picturesque corner of the Moscow region in desolation...”

In January 1921, the manager of the office of the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, Comrade Seitz, was issued mandate number 366 “... for the right to find an estate or agriculture for the commune of train employees and the office of the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic...”. And on February 24, 1921, Seitz reported to the chairman of Mosovkhoz that several estates had been examined, and the Demyanovo estate turned out to be the most suitable. The employees of Trotsky's train asked to assign the estate to them.

At this time, the Demyanovsk land was used in a different way: “... The land was provided for temporary use by a resolution of the UZO: 37 dessiatines - for plowing by residents of the village of Akulovo, 6 dessiatines - for a police garden, 50 dessiatines - to a team of gardeners, 1/2 dessiatines - to the gardener Vismak for plowing, 1 dessiatine - for Taneyev's garden, 1/2 dessiatine - for the veterinary station, part of the land - at the disposal of the mowing commission, part - for the forest. Apple orchards are managed by the UZO. It was proposed to transfer the buildings to the veterinary station and engineering team No. 293...” This information is not entirely accurate, since the plan of the estate was lost. The land department of the Moscow City Council requests from N. Saint-Gelain information on how each part of the land is used, how buildings are used, whether there are free lands, what difficulties may arise if the entire estate is transferred to one organization. N. Saint-Gelain reports that all lands have been plowed since the fall of 1920, with the exception of 6 acres allocated to the police. The buildings, with the exception of the house where V.I. lives. Taneyev, the gardener Vismaku and the veterinary assistant are all rendered completely unusable. Of all the difficulties that could arise during the transfer of the estate to Trotsky's train, the most significant were those related to the land provided for plowing by a resident of the village of Akulovo. But the employees of Trotsky’s train did not consider it difficult for two organizations to stay together on the same estate.

On March 21, 1921, at a court hearing, the Board of the Moszemotdel decided: “... to grant the team of train employees the right to temporarily develop empty parts of the estate in the southwestern side, in the amount of up to 50 acres, together with the former church land, without the right of transfer, any there was another organization...”

Soon the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council submits a petition to the Provincial Military Engineering Distance - the body responsible for the quartering of military units in the province. The Pre-Revolutionary Military Council asked to issue a warrant for all empty buildings on the estate to accommodate its employees and Red Army soldiers. The request was granted. Manor premises have been provided, "... with the exception of those that will be necessary for the District Department ...", for the period while the allocated part of the land is at the disposal of the employees.

In July 1921, the secretariat of Trotsky's train proposed to organize the Demyanovo state farm, and its land management should be included in the 1922 work plan for execution out of turn. However, it is difficult to say whether this was done.

In October 1921, V.I. died. Taneev. He was buried at the Demyanovskoye cemetery.

The estate was not forgotten by the Society for the Study of Russian Estates. Among the excursions organized by the Society was an excursion to Demyanovo. In the “Plan of Summer Excursions for 1925...” such a trip was planned for August 30. The excursion united Maidanovo, Tchaikovsky’s house and Demyanovo.”... An estate of the second half of the 19th century with traces of the late 18th century.” Head N.M. Cheremukhin. Collection at the Oktyabrsky station at 9 o’clock. Fee 3 rubles...”

According to data for 1933, the Assumption Church was included in the list of religious buildings in the Moscow province, registered with the department for museum affairs of the Main Science of the People's Commissariat for Education. The estate was registered with the same department.

Finally, the last organization that has found refuge in this ancient estate is a tuberculosis dispensary. Most likely, it was built in the 50s of the 20th century and is still there.

As mentioned above, the library, which was taken care of by V.I., was of great value in Demyanov’s estate heritage. Taneev. The new government could not help but pay attention to this. People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky received information that the library was of great interest. He instructed M.N. Pokrovsky to talk to V.I. Taneyev about the sale of the library. Taneyev was offered 100 thousand rubles, but he refused the sale. At the family council, it was decided to give the library away free of charge.

In the spring of 1919, at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars chaired by V.I. Lenin was accepted at the suggestion of M.N. Pokrovsky and D.B. Ryazanov’s decree, according to which V.I. Taneyev was assigned a special pension. The library was nationalized and moved to the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences.

IN AND. Lenin, on the basis of a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of March 25, 1919, extradited V.I. Taneyev's safe conduct letter No. 4412 dated April 26, 1919 with his personal signature.

In February 1920, on D.B. Ryazanov was entrusted with the task of creating the world's first museum on Marxism, instead of which he proposed organizing the Marx and Engels Research Institute (IRE). This organization spun off from the Socialist Academy. Several dozen books on the history of French socialism and a collection of engravings on the history of the French Revolution were transferred from Taneyev's library to the IME. The rest of the library - religion, philosophy, fine literature, history of literature - remained in the library of the Socialist Academy, in the archives of which an inventory of Taneyev's books is kept.

After the death of V.I. Taneyev in 1921, his son P.V. Taneyev suggested that IME buy some books and engravings that had survived the nationalization, which IME did.

In the former secret part of the archival fund of the Marx-Engels Institute under the Central Committee of the CPSU, stored in the Russian Center for the Storage and Study of Documents of Contemporary History (RCKHIDNI), there are several documents from 1935-1936 related to the history of the Institute’s acquisition of Taneyev’s library. In 1935, Taneyev’s heirs - son Pavel Vladimirovich and his wife Emilia Pavlovna - presented a claim to the IME for payment for the libraries and engravings transferred by Taneyev. On August 15, 1935, at an administrative meeting of the IME directorate, E. Zobel announced that upon receipt of Taneyev’s library, the latter was paid the agreed amount. But since the accounting department did not have any information about settlements with Taneyev, the legal adviser of the IME Krutikov turned to D.B. Ryazanov with a request”... to inform whether the Institute really paid Taneyev for the cost of the library and collection of engravings. If the payment was actually made, we kindly ask you to establish at least the approximate amount of the amount paid to Taneyev...”

In a letter to D.B. Ryazanov says that the heirs cannot have any claims against the IME. The library was nationalized rather than transferred or sold. He reminds us that “... the transfer occurred under the law of April 18, 1918 on the abolition of inheritance and that, according to the first note to Article 59 of the Civil Code of the RSFSR, former owners do not have the right to return property that came into the hands of workers before May 22, 1922...” . The information received from Ryazanov was reported to the Chairman of the Committee for the Management of Scientists and Educational Institutions of the USSR Central Executive Committee Yu.M. Steklova with a request to notify P.V. about this. Taneyeva. But their requests, dissatisfied with such permission, filed on March 11, 1936, an application addressed to I.V. Stalin. The text of a letter from Deputy Director of the IME V.G. Sorin in Part V of the Special Sector of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated March 28, 1936, which repeated information received from D.B. Ryazanov. The heirs were unable to achieve anything from IME.

As for the estate, during the Soviet period modern buildings and structures were built on the territory of Demyanov, not associated with the memorial complex. To the west of the main house there is a tuberculosis clinic, to the east of the Church of the Assumption there are one-story houses - the village of Demyanovo.

The range of green spaces in the park is quite wide. According to research data from 1976-1977. In total, there are 18 species of trees and shrubs in the park - 5 local, 13 introduced. Local - broadleaf linden, smooth elm, weeping birch, Norway maple, Scots pine. Introduced species are Siberian larch, prickly spruce, Canadian poplar, western thuja, Hungarian lilac, etc. The Taneyevs and Tchaikovskys are buried in the Demyanov cemetery.

In 1990, the estate became a branch of the house-museum of P.I. Tchaikovsky in Klin.

Shortly before the anniversary of P.I. Tchaikovsky, in March 1990, someone destroyed the tombstones at the Demyanovsky cemetery. The museum organized the restoration of the tombstones of two brothers of Pyotr Ilyich - Modest and Ippolit, and his nephew - Vladimir Lvovich Davydov.

Now the landscape of Demyanov leaves one impression: this place somehow did not please the Klin residents, and they were imbued with a feeling of aggression towards it. The question arises: “... the destruction of Demyanov and the oblivion of everything connected with it, is this the meaningful will of the people or another of the many examples of general intoxication that overtakes us everywhere due to the absence of any strong, authoritative structures leading cultural policy ..."

However, the museum’s plans include the restoration of architectural monuments, the adaptation of memorial buildings and the organization of exhibitions in them, the reconstruction of lost buildings - greenhouses, dachas, etc., the improvement of the necropolis, the opening of a tuberculosis clinic with the subsequent demolition of disharmonious buildings (households, garages), the reconstruction cascade of ponds.

Klin has all the potential to become a major cultural center. Around the museum P.I. Tchaikovsky, famous throughout the world, you can create a whole nature reserve, which would include Demyanovo with its historical sights, Frolovskoye, Maidanovo, Shakhmatovo, Boblovo. A sound cultural policy is, among other things, an effective financial policy. Treasures that are asking to be taken must not be neglected.

Demyanov estate construction park