Clauses of result in English examples. Types of subordinate clauses in English

Adverbial clauses perform the functions of various circumstances and answer questions when? When?, where? Where?, Where?, why? Why?, how? How? etc.

According to their meaning, they are divided into adverbial clauses of time (1), place (2), cause (3), consequence (4), mode of action (5), concessional (6), purpose (7) and conditions (8).

Adverbial clauses separated by comma only when they stand in front ofmain sentence.

Subordinate clauses answer questions when?When?, how long?how long?,since when?since when? and so on.

when - When whenever - whenever while -while, when, while as - when, while, as after - after before -before, before

till, until - until, until... as soon as - as soon as as long as - Bye since - since by the time (that) - by the time and etc.

For example:

I was there before I came here.	I was there before I came here.
As I was going down the road , I met your sister.	When I was walking down the street, I met your sister.
I won't leave until you come.	I won't leave until you come.
I haven't seen her since she left school.	I haven't seen her since she left school.
After the agreement had been signed, the delegation left Moscow.	After the agreement was signed, the delegation left Moscow.
We have not had any news from him since he left Moscow.	We have not had any news from him since he left Moscow.
I shall stay here until(till) yon return.	I'll stay here until you return.

Note 1: The peculiarity of subordinate clauses of time (as well as conditions) is that they never use a predicate verb in any of the future tenses . If necessary, express future action in a subordinate clause, present tenses are used.

I'll buy that novel when it comes out.	I'll buy that novel when it comes out.
You will be informed as soon as he comes.	You will be notified as soon as he arrives.
By the time you come , I shall be ready.	By the time you come, I'll be ready.
While you are having dinner, I shall be reading the newspaper.	While you are having lunch, I will read the newspaper.
When I come back , I'll call you.	When I get back I'll call you.

Note 2. Russian Union When in meaning while corresponds while or as:

While he was explaining all this , the phone rank.	When he was explaining all this, the phone rang.
While I was sitting in the garden, he came up to me.	When (while) I was sitting in the garden, he came up to me.
As I was coming here, I met your brother.	When (while) I was coming here, I met your brother.

And in meaning When corresponds to the union when:

Note 3. Russian expression by the time translated into English as by the time that(and not: by the time when), and that here it is often omitted altogether:

I shall have finished the letter by the time (that) you come back.

I'll finish the letter already by the time you will return.

Note 4. Russian dialect Then in expression then when not translated into English:

Subordinate clauses of place answer questions where?Where? Where?, from where?where? They are connected to the main sentence with allied words: where - where, where; wherever - wherever, wherever .

For example:

She wanted to live where she was born.	She wanted to live where was born.
She stood where I had left her.	She stood where I left her.
The house stands where the road turns to the left.	The house is worth where the road turns left.
I like to spend my leave where I can shoot.	I love to spend holidays where I can hunt.
Wherever he wen t, he was welcome.	Wherever He neither walked around, he was warmly received everywhere.
They went where you sent them.	They went to where you sent them.
I shall go where my brother lives.	I will go where my brother lives.
They stopped where the road turned to the river.	They stopped where the road turned towards the river.

Subordinate clauses of reason answer the question why?Why? They are connected to the main sentence by conjunctions:

For example:

I'm late because I was very busy.	I was late because I was very busy.
Since you feel tired , you should rest.	Since you are tired, you need to rest.
He walked quickly for he was in a great hurry.	He walked quickly because he was in a hurry.
I believe you because I know you.	I believe you because I know you.
I went away because there was no one there.	I left because there was no one there.
As there were no porters, we had to carry the luggage ourselves.	Since there were no porters, we had to carry the luggage ourselves.
Since you have finished your work, you may go home.	Since you have finished your work, you can go home.
Now that he is here ,he can help you.	Now that (since) he is here, he can help you.

Note: Please note that Russian now that translated into English as now that(and not: now when), and that, as in other cases, is often omitted:

Now (that) he is here ,he can help you.

Now that he is here, he can help you.

Subordinate clauses of consequence express a consequence arising from the entire content of the main sentence. They are connected to the main sentence with a conjunction so that (so ... that ) - So , instead of which is often used in colloquial speech so, For example:

He went to the lecture early so that he got a good seat.	He went to the lecture early, so he got a good seat.
The snow blew in our faces so we could hardly see.	The snow hit us in the face so that we could barely see.
She sat behind me so that (so) I could not see the expression on her face.	She was sitting behind me, so I couldn't see her expression.

Moreover so can also appear in the middle of the main clause:

He wasn't so embarrassed that he could hardly understand her.	He was so confused that he had difficulty understanding her.
It was so hot that nobody wanted to do anything.	It was so hot that no one wanted to do anything.
The ball was so large that the child couldn't hold it.	The ball was so big that the child could not hold it.
The weather was so bad that the plane could not start.	The weather was so bad that the plane could not take off.

1 . Subordinate clauses course of action answer the question how?How? how? They are connected to the main sentence by conjunctions:

For example:

I will do as I like.	I will do what I want.
You must know this question as he does.	You should know this issue as much as he does.
He played so well that everybody admired him.	He played so well that everyone admired him.
She spoke as though nothing had happened .	She spoke as if nothing had happened.
You answer as if you did not know this rule.	You answer as if you don't know this rule.

Note 1:With alliances as if And as though:

In a subordinate clause it is used Past Indefinite (or Past Continuous with a long action), if the action or state is expressed by a subordinate clause simultaneously with the action or state of the main clause. Past forms are used regardless of the tense of the verb of the main sentence.

He spoke as if (as though) he knew this question very well.	He spoke as if (as if) he knew the matter very well.
They walked slowly up the stairs as if (as though) they were carrying something heavy.	They walked slowly up the stairs, as if (as if) they were carrying something heavy.

Here we have essentially a form of the subjunctive mood, which, however, coincides with the Past Indefinite form of the indicative mood.

Verb to be after as if used in the form of the subjunctive mood, i.e. the form were used with all persons singular and plural. However, in modern language, especially in colloquial speech, along with were often used with 1st and 3rd person singular was:

He loved him as if he were (was) his son.	He loved him like a son (as if he were his son).
He looked in the direction of the entrance door as if he were (was) waiting for somebody.	He looked in the direction of the front door as if he was waiting for someone.

Note 2 : If the predicate of a subordinate clause expresses an action or state, antecedent action or state of the predicate of the main sentence, then in the subordinate clause it is used Past Perfect, no matter what tense the predicate of the main sentence is in:

Here we have essentially a form of the subjunctive mood, which, however, coincides with the Past Perfect of the indicative mood.

Note 3 : If a subordinate clause is introduced by a conjunction thatWhat, then the main sentence uses the words soso, so or suchsuch. Wherein so defines an adverb or adjective, and such defines a noun:

He played so well that everybody admired him.	He played so well that everyone admired him.
The airplane was flying at such a height that we could hardly see it.	The plane was flying at such an altitude that we could barely see it.

Offers with such...that are discussed here for practical convenience together with suggestions from so... that, although offers with such(and also with so, defining an adjective) could be classified as defining subordinate clauses.

2 . Subordinate comparative clauses are connected to the main clause by conjunctions:

than – how

as ... as - so (the same) ... as, (first as– in the main clause)

(not ) so ... as - (not) so (such)... as, (so– in the main clause)

the...the – than... the, (second the– in the main clause)

For example:

I couldn't have done any more than they did.	I couldn't do more than them.
He works as quickly as I do.	He works as fast as me.
The book is not so interesting as you think.	The book is not as interesting as you think.
The more time you spend in the Crimea , the sooner you will recover.	The more time you spend in Crimea, the sooner you will recover.

Note: In the presence of the...the future tense after first the(i.e. in a subordinate clause) is replaced by the present.

Concessive subordinate clauses indicate the circumstance in spite of which the action of the main clause is performed. They are connected to the main sentence by conjunctions:

though, (although) - Although in spite of the fact that - although however - howsoever

whoever - whoever whatever - whatever whichever - Whichever

For example:

She didn't cry though the tears were often in her eyes.	She did not cry, although she often had tears in her eyes.
Although the weather was bad , we went for a walk.	Although the weather was bad, we went for a walk.
Whatever I may do , he is never content.	No matter what I do, he is never happy.
He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.	He went out even though he had a very cold.
Thought (although) it was only nine o"clock, there were few people in the streets.	Although it was only nine o'clock, there were few people on the streets.
Whatever happens , she won’t have it her own way.	No matter what happens, she won't be able to have her own way.

Subordinate clauses of purpose indicate for what purpose the action of the main sentence is performed and answer questions what for?For what? For what?, for what purpose?for what purpose? They are connected to the main sentence by conjunctions:

so that- so that, so that; in colloquial speech just so

in order that - (in order to

lest - so as not to

The predicate of these sentences is expressed by verbs may (might) or should + infinitive without to.

May is used when the predicate in the main sentence is expressed by a verb in the present or future tense, and might - when the verb is in the past tense. Should is used regardless of the tense in which the verb appears in the main clause. Verbs may (might) And should They are not independently translated into Russian.

Write to him at once so that he may know our plans.	Write to him now to let him know about our plans.
The teacher speaks slowly so that (in order that) his pupils may understand him.	The teacher speaks slowly so that his students understand him (can understand him).
I gave him the text-book so that (in order that) he might learn his lesson.	I gave him a textbook so he could learn the lesson (could learn the lesson).
I"ll ring him up at once so (so that) he shouldn't wait for me.	I'll call him immediately so he doesn't have to wait for me.
so that you may be able to read it before I hand it to the typist.
so that she might be able to find his house easily.

Instead of may can be used can, and instead might - could:

He spoke loudly and clearly so that everyone could hear him.	He spoke loudly and clearly so everyone could hear him.
I shall write the letter immediately so that you can read it before I hand it to the typist.	I will write the letter immediately so that you can read it before I give it to the typist.
He drew a plan of the village so that she could find his house easily.	He drew a map of the village so she could easily find his house.

Predicate in sentences introduced by a conjunction lest, is in the affirmative form, since the conjunction itself lest has a negative value" so as not to":

Write down all the new words from the text lest you should forget them.	Write down all new words from the text so that you do not forget them.
I'll ring her up lest she should forget about it.	I'll call her so she doesn't forget about it.
She drew a plan for me lest I should lose the way.	She drew me a plan so I wouldn't lose my way.

In bookish language, subordinate clauses of the goal are sometimes connected to the main conjunction that And lest.

Union lest used with the meaning that...not to... not.

After lest the predicate is expressed by the combination should with an infinitive. Particle not is not used with the predicate, since the conjunction lest contains negation.

Instead of a combination should The present subjunctive is sometimes used with the infinitive:

The invitations were sent out early that the delegates might arrive in time for the conference.	Invitations were sent out in advance so that delegates could arrive on time for the conference.
We wrapped the instruments in oilcloth lest they should be damaged by sea water (= lest they be damaged by sea water).	We wrapped the instruments in oilcloth to prevent them from being damaged by sea water.

When the main and subordinate clauses have the same subject, the subordinate clause is usually replaced by an infinitive phrase (as in Russian). In such cases, the infinitive may be preceded by conjunctions in order, so as to.

These conjunctions, however, are rarely used, especially in colloquial speech:

I am going to the lecture early so that I may get a good seat. = I am going to the lecture early to get (so as to get, in order to get) a good seat.	I go to the lecture early to get a good seat.
They left home at five o"clock so that they should not be late for the lecture. = They left home at five o"clock not to be late (so as not to be late) for the lecture.	They left the house at five o'clock so as not to be late for the lecture.

Note.It should be borne in mind that the Russian Union to before the infinitive can be translated by conjunctions in order, so as only when the infinitive expresses the goal:

In other cases to before the infinitive cannot be translated into English by conjunctions in order or so as:

He's too tired to go to the theater.	He is too tired to go to the theater.
He's tough enough to take part in this expedition.	He is strong enough to take part in the expedition.
I have no time, to do this work today.	I haven’t any time to do this work today.

A complex sentence with a conditional clause, called for brevity conditional offer is a complex sentence in which the possibility of performing the action expressed in the main clause depends on certain conditions expressed in the subordinate clause. Subordinate clauses of conditions are connected to the main clause by conjunctions:

if - If

in case - when

supposing (that), suppose (that) - if, suppose (that)

unless - if not

provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that) - provided that, provided that

For example:

If we start off now, we'll arrive there by dinner time.	If we leave now, we will arrive there by lunchtime.
He won't go there unless he is invited.	He won't go there unless he's invited.
If I see him tomorrow , I shall ask him about it.	If I'll see him tomorrow, I'll ask him about it.
We can deliver the machine in December provided (that) we receive your order within the next ten days.	We can deliver the car in December provided that We will receive your order within the next ten days.

In subordinate conditional sentences (as well as in subordinate tenses), the predicate is used in the present tense if the future tense is used in the main clause:

They will be glad if you go and see them.	They will be glad if you visit them.
If he has time ,he will go there.	If he has time, he will go there.
We'll have the party outside if it doesn't rain.	We will have an outdoor party if it doesn't rain.

For more details, see the section: "Verb. Subjunctive mood. Conditional sentences ."

Subordinate adverbial clauses of reason ( Adverbial Clauses of Cause)
Adverbial clauses of reason answer the question why - Why? and join the main sentence with conjunctions because- because; as- because; since- since, since; for- because; nowthat- now when, because; lest(rarely) – nevertheless, etc.:
We took umbrellas because we were afraid it would rain. - We took umbrellas That's whyWhat they were afraid that it would rain.
Now that heishere,hecanhelpus. -Now when (since) he is here, he can help us.
As it is wet, we shall stay at home. -Because It's damp outside, we'll stay at home.
Since youareill,I'lldothejob myself. -Once (since) you are sick, I will do this work myself.

Subordinate adverbial clauses of the goal ( Adverbial Clauses of Purpose)
Objective clauses answer questions whatfor? For what? For what? forwhatpurpose? for what purpose? Subordinate clauses of the goal are connected to the main clause by conjunctions sothat,inorderthat,that- so that, in order to; incase - in case of; lest(rarely) – so as not to, etc. The most common is the union sothat. Union so used mainly in colloquial speech.

The predicate in adverbial subordinate clauses of the goal is usually expressed by verbs may(might) And should+ infinitive without particle to. May(might) is used when the predicate of a subordinate clause expresses a connotation of possibility. In the absence of a shade of possibility, it is used should. The predicate of these sentences is usually expressed by the verb may+ infinitive, if the predicate of the main sentence is expressed by a verb in the present or future tense, and by a verb might+ infinitive if the predicate of the main sentence is expressed by a verb in the past tense. The predicate in adverbial sentences of the goal can also be expressed by a verb in the form of the subjunctive mood. Predicate verb in subordinate clauses of the goal introduced by the conjunction lest, is in the affirmative form, since the conjunction lest has a negative meaning (not to).

In adverbial clauses the purpose of the verb is may(might) It is usually not translated into Russian and, in combination with an infinitive, corresponds in Russian to a verb in the subjunctive mood. Verb may(might) gives a modal connotation to the predicate:
Leavethedooropensothatthe lightmayshowyoutheway.- Leave the door open so that the light will illuminate your path.
Make a note of it in case you forget. - Write it down in case you forget.
I gave him the textbook so that he might learn the lesson. - I gave him a textbook so he could learn his lesson.
He spoke loudly and clearly so that everyone could hear him. - He spoke loudly and clearly so everyone could hear him.
He speaks slowly so that (in order that) children may understand him. - He speaks slowly so that the children understand (can understand) him.
She feared to utter any word lest it might jar his feelings. - She was afraid to utter a word so as not to offend him (lit.: so as not to hurt his feelings).
Writedownallthenewwords fromthetextlestyoushouldforgetthem.- Write down all new words from the text so that you do not forget them.

Subordinate adverbial clauses of consequence or result ( Adverbial Clauses of Result)
Subordinate adverbial clauses of consequence or result express the consequence arising from the content of the entire main sentence. They join the main clause with a conjunction that– What related to the adverb of degree so– So, such in the main clause, and a compound conjunction sothat– So, instead of which is often used in colloquial speech so:
The night was so dark that I could hardly see the road. - It was night such dark, What I could barely see the road.
He wasn't so embarrassed that he could hardly understand her. - He was So confused, What had difficulty understanding her.
She sat behind me so (that) I could not see her expression. - She sat behind me SoWhat I couldn't see the expression on her face.
Theboxwasblockingtheway ( that) onecouldn't'tpass.- The box was blocking the road Soso it was impossible to pass.
Theleavesofthetreeswerevery darkandthick,so that norayoflight came through the branches.- The leaves of the trees were very dark and thick, So not a single ray of light could break through their branches.
It was cold and windy, so we had to put off our hike. - It was cold and windy SoWhat we had to postpone our trip.

All sentences, according to their structure, are divided into simple and complex, both in English and in other languages. With simple sentences everything is quite simple, which cannot be said about complex ones, especially in English. Complex sentences are divided, according to their composition, into compound and complex sentences. Compounds consist of several equal parts. But complex ones include one main and one (or more) subordinate clause, while the second only explains the first. Subordinate clauses perform a wide range of functions in English: they can act as a subject, predicate, object, circumstance, and definition.

Subordinate clause as part of a complex

In English, in order to introduce a subordinate fragment into the complex structure of a complex sentence, as a rule, the following conjunctions and allied words are used:

• that- What
• because- because
• if- If
• when- When
• since- With
• after- after
• before- before
• till- before
• though- although, etc.

It happens that the use of allied words is not necessary.

• Tom never thought he should see them again. — Tom never thought he'd see them again

Typology of subordinate clauses

Depending on the function performed, subordinate clauses in English are divided into types, which are named according to their role in phrases:

1. Subordinate clauses

This type of subordinate clause performs, as is already clear from the name, the function of the subject and answers the questions:

• Who? - Who?
• what? - What?

Can be introduced by the following conjunctions:

• What I told them yesterday is the lie. — What I told them yesterday was a lie

2. Subordinate predicates (or predicative members)

This type of subordinate clause performs the function of the nominal part of the predicate. The question that is answered:

• what is the subject?- what is the subject?

The same allied words are used to introduce them as for the previous type.

• The question is whether Kate knows about his decision or not. — The question is whether Kate knows about his decision or not

3.Additional clauses

Questions answered by subordinate clauses

• whom? - whom
• what? - What?

In English, this type of sentence does not require a comma to separate it from the main clause. Opening union that may be missed. We can use the future tense, even after an introductory word when :

• Jean knows when her friend will return. — Jane knows when her friend will return
• I don’t understand what I can do. — I don't understand what I can do

4.Adverbial clauses

Questions answered by subordinate clauses:

• which? - Which?
• what? - Which?.

Determinative clauses are attached to the main clause in a non-union way, or the following adverbs and pronouns are used to introduce the qualifying parts of the phrase:

who - which	whom - whose
whose - whose, whose	which, that - which
when - when	where - where, where
why - why

If qualifying sentences are introduced by pronouns whom ,whose And which , then there is a possibility that an excuse will also be required. Determinative constructions refer to one of the members of the main sentence, expressed by a noun or pronoun, and these constructions appear after the member they define.

• The house where my family once had a rest has been flooded. — The house where my family once vacationed was flooded

Here the attributive clause together with the conjunction where comes after a noun house:

• where my family once had a rest

5.Adverbial clauses

The group of adverbial clauses is quite large. Depending on the “circumstances” they were divided into conditional, concessional, etc.

Mode of action and comparison
Question answered:

• How? - How? How?

• The weather is not so nasty now as it was at the beginning of the month. — The weather is not as bad as it was at the beginning of the month

Causes
Answer the question

• Why? - Why?

The main sentence is joined with the words:

• As it’s hot, I’ll stay at home. - Since it's hot, I'll stay at home

Goals
Questions answered:

• what for? - For what?
• f or what purpose? - for what purpose?

Can be entered with constructs such as:

• in order that- so as to
• so that- in order to
• lest- so as not to

The predicate in this type of sentence requires an auxiliary verb may (to be able) followed by the main verb in the infinitive. In Russian, the subjunctive mood is used in such cases; in English, it is absent. May It is not translated literally into Russian.

• In order that the students might say their opinions, it was mentioned about democracy in our country. — In order for students to speak (could speak) their opinions, it was mentioned about democracy in our country

Consequences
What matters are the consequences that follow from the entire phrase. Union that attaches two (or more) parts of a phrase.

• The night was so hot that I could not sleep. — The night was so hot that I could not sleep.

Concessive
The question they usually answer is

• in spite of what? - despite what?

Conjunctive words connecting a phrase into a single whole:

Though (although) - although	However - no matter how
Whoever - whoever	Whatever - whatever
Whichever - whichever	As - although

• Whatever wages it is Nick will work here. — Whatever the salary, Nick will work here

Subordinate clauses
Adverbial conditionals are attached to the main sentence using:

Types of conditional clauses

There are three types of conditional clauses in English:

• Conditionals of the first type express possibly realizable events that can relate to any of three times (present, future or past). Verbs are used in the indicative mood in both parts (main and subordinate) of the phrase.
  • If you leave a dog here, it will escape. — If you leave the dog here, it will run away
• Conditionals of the second type express unrealistic events or assumptions that relate to the present or future.
  The conditional part uses either to be in past tense, plural - were , or a verb in the past simple ( Past Simple).
  • He would not wait if he were you. - He wouldn't wait if he were you (were you)
  • If Lucy stopped working, her family would have financial problems. — If Lucy stopped working, her family would have financial problems
• Conditionals of the third type indicate unrealized events, assumptions that relate to the past.
  In the main part of the phrase, the following situation is observed with the temporary form of the predicate:
  would + present perfect"
  In the conditional part the verb is in Past Perfect
  • I would have relaxed better, if it had not been for John. — I would have had an even better rest if it weren't for John

In the previous article, we looked at the use of words with which we can express the reason for an action taking place. In this article we will learn how to express a consequence in English.

The following words can help express the consequence of a certain action: therefore, consequence, so that, effect, result.

Using the adverbs therefore, accordingly and consequently to express a consequence in English

Therefore is the most common word that helps convey a consequence. Often this adverb in English appears in the middle of a sentence and is often separated by commas:

The minerals, therefore, are in the trustees- for this reason the stones are kept by trusted persons

The structure was damaged and therefore infirm- the structure was damaged and therefore unstable

It should be noted that using therefore at the beginning of a sentence is more typical for those who are just starting to learn English (i.e., for beginners).

The words accordingly and consequently can be used in the same sense as therefore, but they are not used as often as therefore. They can be used both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence:

Accordingly, the proposed director interlock appears to be consistent with…. - accordingly, the proposed combination of directors does not contradict….

After being here for a week, I took a notion to leave, and accordingly did so- after being here for a week, I got ready to leave, and so I did

Consequently, his final decision cannot be faulted- therefore, his final decision cannot be called wrong

He had no time, consequently he drove very fast- he didn’t have time, so he drove very fast

Using thus, hence and so to express a consequence in English

The words thus, hence and so can also be used to express the consequence of some action. These words can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. The word so is almost always used in the middle of a sentence, preceded by a comma:

It was late, so I went home - it was late, so I went home

Thus we have man modifying nature- So we have a man changing nature

Using thereby, as a result, as a consequence to express a consequence in English

The adverb thereby is always used in the middle of a sentence and is separated by commas. It should be noted that after this word, verbs are used with the ending –ing:

He became a citizen in 1999, thereby gaining the right to vote- he became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote

many have been laid off from work as a consequence of the administration's policies– as a result of administrative policies, many were fired from their jobs

Using as a result of, as a consequence of to express a consequence in English

Both of these prepositions are used in the middle of a sentence. As a result of is used more often than, as a consequence of:

He was in the doghouse as a result of his misbehaviour- because of his bad behavior he found himself in disfavor

As a result of healthy food consumption the durability of organism systems and organs increases- As a result of eating healthy food, the endurance of individual organs and the body as a whole increases.

If after the phrases as a result of, as a consequence of there is a verb, then the ending –ing is added to it:

She is in good shape as a result of taking regular exercise- she is in good shape thanks to regular exercise

Using the conjunction so that to express a consequence in English

The conjunction so that is the most common conjunction in English to express a consequence. The conjunction so that in English always comes in the middle of a sentence and is often preceded by a comma:

He slept with the key under his pillow, so that no one could steal it- he slept with the key under his pillow so that no one could steal it

English also has a number of nouns that help convey consequences, for example: consequence, effect, implication, outcome, result:

The consequence of those measures will be the best apology…- the results of these measures will be the best justification...

What are the implications of the new law?- What follows from the new law?

the outcome of the advertising campaign- result of an advertising campaign

Example:

Nina had a stomach ache so she went to the doctor. - Nina had a stomach ache, so she went to the doctor.

There was so much soup that John wasn't able to eat it. - There was so much soup that John couldn’t eat it.

Let's consider situations in which the construction is used such...that.

The first diagram describes turnover with singular countable nouns:

Example:

It was such a beautiful dress that I bought it. - The dress was so beautiful that I bought it.

The second scheme describes turnover with plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns:

Example:

They were such clever people that it was pleasant to speak to them. “They were so smart that it was nice to talk to them.”

It was such nice weather that we went to the countryside. - The weather was so good that we went out of town.

Please note that when we use a plural noun or an uncountable noun, the article is not used (Figure 2).

Rice. 2. Zero article ()

In subordinate clauses of the consequence the construction is also used so...that. This construction is very often accompanied by the following evaluative pronouns (Fig. 3):

• little

Rice. 3. Evaluative pronouns ()

Let's look at the diagram:

Example:

There was so much water in the bucket that the boy couldn’t carry it alone. - There was so much water in the bucket that the boy could not carry it alone.

There was so little food in the refrigerator that I still feel hungry. - There was so little food in the refrigerator that I'm still hungry.

Do not forget that much And little are used with uncountable nouns, and many And few- with countable ones (see diagram 4).

Example:

We had so many books at home that mother decided to take some of them to the library. - There were so many books at home that my mother decided to take some of them to the library.

I have so few T-shirts that I need to buy some. - I have so few T-shirts that I need to buy several.

To better understand and assimilate the features of use subordinate clauses of consequence, you must do the following exercise.

I. Make one sentence out of two usingthe Clause of Result

1. The book was dull. I couldn't read it to the end.
2. There was a lot of work. Mary didn't know where to begin.
3. The water in the sea was cold. The children didn't want to swim.
4. I had little money. I couldn't buy a new dress.

Answers to the exercise:

1. The book was so dull that I couldn’t read it to the end.
2. There was so much work that Mary didn’t know where to begin.
3. The water in the sea was so cold that the children didn’t want to swim.
4. I had so little money that I couldn’t buy a new dress.

ThePresentPerfect- one of the ways to help express the result in speech. PresentPerfect describes actions completed at the time of speech. This means that the action has already completed in the past, but we are interested in result, which relates to the present moment.

Example:

• Go and do your homework!
• I have already done it.
• Go do your homework!
• I did it already.

It doesn’t matter to mom when her son has done his homework. She is only interested in the result: whether she did it or not.

PresentPerfect- time is compound. Like all times of the group Perfect it includes a linking verb have And semanticverbVthirdform(Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Formation Present Perfect

Example:

I have already done homework.

He has already done homework.

For education interrogativeproposals V PresentPerfect linking verb have/has must be placed first in the sentence.

Example:

Have you done homework yet?

Has he done homework yet?

For education negativeproposals V PresentPerfect a negative particle must be added to the linking verb not, or use short forms haven't/hasn’tt.

Example:

I haven'tdone homework yet.

He hasn'tdone homework yet.

Adjective- one of the most important parts of speech in both Russian and English. Adjectives mean quality, properties, signs one or another subject(Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Adjectives ()

Adjectives can be simple(e.g., red, white, nice), may contain suffixes And prefixes(e.g., beauty ful , un happy), can be complex and consist of several bases (e.g., darkgreen, well-written).

Adjectives in English have only one form. They do not change by gender, number and case. But some adjectives can have degrees of comparison. This applies to qualitative adjectives, that is, to those adjectives that express the quality of an object, namely, that attribute of it that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent (e.g., beautiful, big) (Fig. 6). Relative adjectives do not have degrees of comparison (e.g., Russian, English, golden).

Rice. 6. Degrees of comparison of adjectives ()

Nouns in English are divided into countable And uncountable.

TO countable noun include items/objects, countable. Such nouns can be used in both the singular and plural, and can be used with both a definite and an indefinite article.

Countable nouns can be like subject, so collective.

Subject nouns:

a pupil - five pupils

a table - many tables

an engineer - engineers

Collective nouns:

a family - families

an army - armies

TO uncountable noun belong to words that denote substances or concepts, which cannot be counted. Such nouns are not used with the indefinite article and are used only in the singular. Uncountable nouns are used with pronouns such as much(much milk) little(little water), some And any.

Uncountable nouns can be real or abstract(actions, states, natural phenomena, feelings).

Real nouns:

Abstract nouns:

Uncountable nouns denoting substance can sometimes be used with articles when denoting portions.

Example:

Can I have a coffee please? - Can I cup coffee, Please.

Bibliography

1. Afanasyeva O.V., Mikheeva I.V. English language. 9th grade. - M.: Bustard, 2008.
2. Baranova K.M., Dooley D., Kopylova V.V. English language. - M.: Education, 2011.
3. Biboletova M.Z., Trubaneva N.N. English language. 9th grade. - M.: Title, 2008.

Homework

1. Fill in the blanks with conjunctions so or such. Use the article a/an where necessary:

   a) She was responsive woman that everyone asked her advice.

   b) Winter evenings are boring times that people don’t know what to do.

   c) Today is warm afternoon that we are going out for a walk.

   d) They were cheap A-shirts that we bought quite a lot.

   e) He invited few friends that it was not interesting to play.

   e) There were many people that we couldn’t find a seat.

1. Complete the sentences according to their meaning:

   a) The case was so heavy that.

   b) that I stopped talking.

   c) They were so polite that.

   d) It was such a strange call that.

   e) Mr and Mrs White were such nice people that.

   e) that he invited her to a meeting.

   g) that Carol refused an offer.

1. Translate into English, paying attention to the peculiarities of the use of conjunctions in subordinate clauses of the consequence:

   a) His story was so improbable that no one believed him.

   b) The last day of summer turned out to be so rainy that the meeting participants did not want to watch a movie in the open air.

   c) The tea had so much sugar that it was impossible to drink.

   d) He was so scared that he could hardly remember his name.

   e) I had so many questions that I didn’t know where to start.

   f) Our behavior seemed so stupid to everyone that no one wanted to get to know us.

   g) They have so few friends in this city that they don’t even know who to invite to the holidays.

   h) It was such an amazing evening that the guests did not want to leave.

1. Internet portal Lengish.com ().
2. Internet portal Eslinstructor.net ()
3. Internet portal Novatores.com ()